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Difference between revisions of "Urothelium"
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→Urothelial cell carcinoma: tweak
(→Urothelial cell carcinoma: tweak) |
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Invasion vs. in situ: | Invasion vs. in situ: | ||
Useful features - present in invasion:<ref>Sternberg, | Useful features - present in invasion:<ref>Sternberg, SE. Histology for Pathologists. P.2047.</ref> | ||
*Thin-walled vessels. | *Thin-walled vessels. | ||
*Stromal reaction (hypercellularity). | *Stromal reaction (hypercellularity). | ||
*Retraction artefact around the tumour cell nests. | *Retraction artefact around the tumour cell nests. | ||
Note: | |||
*The presence/absence of muscle should be commented on in biopsy specimens. | |||
*Adipose tissue may be seen in the lamina propria; tumour adjacent to adipose tissue on a biopsy does '''not''' imply invasion deep to the muscularis propria.<ref name=pmid7879346>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bochner | first1 = BH. | last2 = Nichols | first2 = PW. | last3 = Skinner | first3 = DG. | title = Overstaging of transitional cell carcinoma: clinical significance of lamina propria fat within the urinary bladder. | journal = Urology | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 528-31 | month = Mar | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80030-2 | PMID = 7879346 }}</ref> | |||
====Staging==== | ====Staging==== | ||
*T1 - lamina propria. | *T1 - lamina propria. | ||
**Several subdivisions of T1 exist: | **Several subdivisions of T1 exist: | ||
***T1a - superficial or in muscularis mucosae. | ***T1a - superficial or in muscularis mucosae. | ||
***T1b - beyond muscularis mucosae - into submucosa. | ***T1b - beyond muscularis mucosae - into submucosa. | ||