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Head and neck cytopathology (view source)

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Thyroid cytopathology is dealt with in the ''[[thyroid cytopathology]]'' article.  An introduction to cytopathology is in the ''[[cytopathology]]'' article.
Thyroid cytopathology is dealt with in the ''[[thyroid cytopathology]]'' article.  An introduction to cytopathology is in the ''[[cytopathology]]'' article.
''Salivary gland cytopathology'' and ''salivary gland cytology'' redirect to here.
=Proposed Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology=
:''Milan system'' and ''Milan classification'' redirect here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Typical management
! Comments
|-
| Nondiagnostic
| repeat FNA
|
|-
| Nonneoplastic
| follow-up/discharge
|
|-
| Atypia of undetermined significance (AUS)
| repeat FNA
| use should be minimized <br>- like [[FLUS]] and [[ASCUS]]
|-
| Neoplasm
| excision
| subdivided into: (a) benign (b) salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP)
|-
| Suspicious for malignancy
| wide excision +/-lymph nodes (?)
|
|-
| Malignant
| wide excision & lymph nodes (?)
|
|}
Notes:
*This classification is still evolving.<ref>URL: [http://www.cytopathology.org/the-milan-system-for-reporting-salivary-gland-cytopathology/ http://www.cytopathology.org/the-milan-system-for-reporting-salivary-gland-cytopathology/]. Accessed on: 31 March 2016.</ref> The preliminary version (above) was presented by Dr. William Faquin at [[USCAP]] 2016 in Seattle.<ref>URL: [http://www.uscap.org/meetings/detail/2016-annual-meeting/sessions/2334 http://www.uscap.org/meetings/detail/2016-annual-meeting/sessions/2334]. Accessed on: 13 March 2016.</ref>
*The goal is to complete the reporting system by the summer of 2017.


=Normal=
=Normal=
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Sticky lymphoid tissue:
Sticky lymphoid tissue:
*Irregular globs of tissue with small cells.
*Irregular globs of tissue with small cells.
[[Skeletal muscle]]:
*Round red staining globs +/-apparent striations.
*Nuclei more at edges (peripheral).
===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1 - intermed mag.jpg | SM - intermed. mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1a- high mag.jpg | SM - high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1a- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1b- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2a- high mag.jpg | SM - high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2b- high mag.jpg | SM - high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2a- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2b- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
</gallery>


=Salivary gland tumours - summary=
=Salivary gland tumours - summary=
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| DDx (?)
| DDx (?)
| ?
| ?
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pleomorphic_adenoma_-_cytology.jpg Pleomorphic adenoma (WC)]
| [[Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_-_cytology.jpg | thumb| center| 150px| Pleomorphic adenoma. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| [[Warthin tumour]] (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum)
| [[Warthin tumour]] (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum)
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| Acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC), oncocytoma
| Acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC), oncocytoma
| AcCC: irregular spaced cells, lack well-defined cell borders
| AcCC: irregular spaced cells, lack well-defined cell borders
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum_cytology_high.jpg Warthin tumour high mag (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum_cytology_intermed.jpg Warthin tumour intermed mag (WC)]
| [[Image:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum_cytology_high.jpg | thumb| center| 150px| Warthin tumour - high mag. (WC)]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| Mucocele ?
| Mucocele ?
| Nuclear atypia
| Nuclear atypia
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_high_mag.jpg Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (WC)]
| [[Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_high_mag.jpg | thumb| center| 150px| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| [[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]] (AdCC)
| [[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]] (AdCC)
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| AcCC
| AcCC
| Basement membrane material - PAS-D+ve<ref name=pmid62333>{{cite journal |author=Chen SY |title=Adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary gland. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of cystlike space |journal=Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=606–19 |year=1976 |month=November |pmid=62333 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| Basement membrane material - PAS-D+ve<ref name=pmid62333>{{cite journal |author=Chen SY |title=Adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary gland. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of cystlike space |journal=Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=606–19 |year=1976 |month=November |pmid=62333 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma_cytology.jpg Adenoid cystic carcinoma (WC)]
| [[Image:Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma_cytology.jpg | thumb| center| 150px| Adenoid cystic carcinoma. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| [[Acinic cell carcinoma]] (AcCC)
| [[Acinic cell carcinoma]] (AcCC)
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| Warthin tumour
| Warthin tumour
| AcCC missing lymphocytic background; irreg. spacing of cells
| AcCC missing lymphocytic background; irreg. spacing of cells
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acinic_cell_carcinoma.jpg Acinic cell carcinoma (WC)]
| [[Image:Acinic_cell_carcinoma.jpg | thumb| center| 150px| Acinic cell carcinoma. (WC)]]
|}
|}


=Salivary gland=
=Salivary gland=
{{Main|Salivary gland}}
{{Main|Salivary gland}}
==Sialoadenitis==
{{main|Chronic sialadenitis}}
===Cytology===
Features:
*Inflammatory cells - lymphocytes, plasma cells - '''key features'''.
*+/-Squamous metaplasia.
*+/-Necrotic debris.
*Benign ductal epithelium.
DDx:
*Squamous carcinoma.
*Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
==Crystals in salivary gland specimens==
===General===
*Uncommon in general.
**Typical location is: parotid (>85% salivary gland specimens with crystals<ref name=pmid33296146>{{cite journal |authors=Sun T, Faquin WC, Torous VF |title=Crystalloids in FNA specimens of salivary gland lesions: A retrospective study in a single large institute |journal=Cancer Cytopathol |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=432–438 |date=June 2021 |pmid=33296146 |doi=10.1002/cncy.22395 |url=}}</ref>).
*May be seen in the context of any diagnostic category (non-diagnostic, benign, neoplastic, malignant).
**Approximately 40% of cases with crystals are benign or non-diagnositic.<ref name=pmid33296146/>
**Approximately 10% of cases with crystals are suspicious or malignant.<ref name=pmid33296146/>
DDx:
*Amylase crystalloids ~ 75%.
*Tyrosine crystalloids ~ 11%.
*Collagenous crystalloids ~ 3%.
*Undetermined type ~ 11%.
===Cytology===
Features:<ref name=pmid33296146/><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kishore M, Kaushal M, Dogra S |title=Crystalloids in salivary gland lesion: A diagnostic clue |journal=J Lab Physicians |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=100–101 |date=2019 |pmid=30983813 |pmc=6437830 |doi=10.4103/JLP.JLP_120_18 |url=}}</ref>
*Amylase crystalloids: rhomboid (or polygonal) +/- "pointy" ends, nonbirefringent.
*Tyrosine crystalloids: floret-like structures, refractile.
*Collagenous crystalloids: needle-shaped, radially arranged.
===Sign out===
<pre>
Crystalloid material is present and has a rhomboid/polygonal shape with occasional "pointy" ends; this is in keeping with amylase crystals.
</pre>
==Pleomorphic adenoma==
==Pleomorphic adenoma==
General:
{{Main|Pleomorphic adenoma}}
*Abbreviated ''PA''.
 
===General===
*Common benign tumour.
*Common benign tumour.
*Abbreviated ''PA''.


===Cytology===
===Cytology===
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#Chondromyxoid stroma.
#Chondromyxoid stroma.
#*Whispy/fluffy groups of spindle cells that overlap (fibromyxoid tissue) - blue-ish.
#*Whispy/fluffy groups of spindle cells that overlap (fibromyxoid tissue) - blue-ish.
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pleomorphic_adenoma_-_cytology.jpg Pleomorphic adenoma (WC)].


DDx:  
DDx:  
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
**Big circular globs (cysts) - common in AdCC.
**Big circular globs (cysts) - common in AdCC.
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology -- high mag.jpg | PA - high mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology - alt -- high mag.jpg | PA - high mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology -- very high mag.jpg | PA - very high mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology - alt -- very high mag.jpg | PA - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_-_cytology.jpg | Pleomorphic adenoma. (WC)
</gallery>


==Warthin tumour==
==Warthin tumour==
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*Lymphocytes.
*Lymphocytes.
*Necrotic material (cyst contents).
*Necrotic material (cyst contents).
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum_cytology_high.jpg Warthin tumour high mag (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum_cytology_intermed.jpg Warthin tumour intermed mag (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum2.jpg Warthin tumour - surgical excision specimen (WC)].


DDx:  
DDx:  
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*Oncocytoma.  
*Oncocytoma.  
**Oncocytoma (vis-a-vis [[Warthin tumour]]) has more '''c'''ells, more '''c'''ytoplasm, more granularity of '''c'''ytoplasm, more '''c'''omplex architecture.<ref name=boerner2003/>
**Oncocytoma (vis-a-vis [[Warthin tumour]]) has more '''c'''ells, more '''c'''ytoplasm, more granularity of '''c'''ytoplasm, more '''c'''omplex architecture.<ref name=boerner2003/>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum_cytology_high.jpg | Warthin tumour - high mag. (WC)
Image:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum_cytology_intermed.jpg | Warthin tumour - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum2.jpg | Warthin tumour - surgical specimen. (WC)
</gallery>


==Oncocytoma==
==Oncocytoma==
{{Main|Oncocytoma of the salivary gland}}
===General===
===General===
*May be confused with [[Warthin tumour]].
*May be confused with [[Warthin tumour]].
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==Mucoepidermoid carcinoma==
==Mucoepidermoid carcinoma==
{{Main|Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}}
{{Main|Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}}
===General===
*A challenging FNA diagnosis.<ref name=pmid2296840>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cohen | first1 = MB. | last2 = Fisher | first2 = PE. | last3 = Holly | first3 = EA. | last4 = Ljung | first4 = BM. | last5 = Löwhagen | first5 = T. | last6 = Bottles | first6 = K. | title = Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Statistical analysis. | journal = Acta Cytol | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 43-9 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 2296840 }}</ref>


===Cytology===
===Cytology===
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**Cell borders are often distinct.  
**Cell borders are often distinct.  


Images:
DDx:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_high_mag.jpg Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (WC)].
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]] - extensive keratinization and squamous pearls.<ref name=Ref_FNAC25>{{Ref FNAC|25}}</ref>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_very_high_mag.jpg Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - very high mag. (WC)].
 
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_-_cytology.jpg Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - not a very good image (WC)].
===Images===
<gallery>
Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_high_mag.jpg | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. (WC)
Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


==Acinic cell carcinoma==
==Acinic cell carcinoma==
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**Adipocytes between acini (differentiates from normal).
**Adipocytes between acini (differentiates from normal).
**Ductal structures (differentiates from normal).
**Ductal structures (differentiates from normal).
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acinic_cell_carcinoma.jpg Acinic cell carcinoma - cytology (WC)].


Memory device:
Memory device:
*AcCC - lots of "C"s: lots of cytoplasm, [[carcinoid]]-like (stippled chromatin, granular cytoplasm).
*AcCC - lots of "C"s: lots of cytoplasm, [[carcinoid]]-like (stippled chromatin, granular cytoplasm).
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Acinic_cell_carcinoma.jpg | Acinic cell carcinoma - cytology. (WC)
</gallery>


==Adenoid cystic carcinoma==
==Adenoid cystic carcinoma==
===General===
===General===
*Usu. distinctive.
*Usu. distinctive.
*May be painful due the presence of [[perineural invasion]].


===Cytology===
===Cytology===
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*Memory device: A'''d'''CC = lotsa '''D'''NA in relation to cell.
*Memory device: A'''d'''CC = lotsa '''D'''NA in relation to cell.


Image:
====Image====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma_cytology.jpg Adenoid cystic carcinoma -cytology (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma_cytology.jpg | Adenoid cystic carcinoma - cytology. (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma==
{{Main|Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma}}
===Cytology===
Features:
*Single cells/stripped nuclei.
*3-dimensional clusters.
*Two cell population:
**Dark small cells.
**Light large cells.


=Common=
=Common=
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*+/-Lymphoglandular bodies.
*+/-Lymphoglandular bodies.


Image:
====Image====
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CI-Image-0803/FQ-044b.gif Lymphoglandular bodies in a DLBCL (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=ouhsc_nine>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm]. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.</ref>
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CI-Image-0803/FQ-044b.gif Lymphoglandular bodies in a DLBCL (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=ouhsc_nine>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm]. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.</ref>


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*[[AKA]] ''[[lymphoma]]''.
*[[AKA]] ''[[lymphoma]]''.


===Cytology===
Features:
Features:
*Population of monomorphous lymphoid cells - usu. ~2x the size of a RBC.
*Population of monomorphous lymphoid cells - usu. ~2x the size of a RBC.
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*[[Small cell lymphoma]]s cannot be diagnosed definitively from cytology.
*[[Small cell lymphoma]]s cannot be diagnosed definitively from cytology.


Image:
====Image====
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CI-Image-0803/FQ-044b.gif DLBCL with lymphoglandular bodies (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=ouhsc_nine>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm]. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.</ref>
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CI-Image-0803/FQ-044b.gif DLBCL with lymphoglandular bodies (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=ouhsc_nine>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm]. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.</ref>


==Hodgkin's lymphoma==
==Hodgkin's lymphoma==
{{Main|Hodgkin lymphoma}}
{{Main|Hodgkin lymphoma}}
===Cytology===
Features:
Features:
*Reed-Sternberg cell (diagnostic).
*Reed-Sternberg cell (diagnostic).
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*RSCs are usually found at the edge of smears.<ref name=ouhsc_q26>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-026-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-026-M.htm]. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.</ref>
*RSCs are usually found at the edge of smears.<ref name=ouhsc_q26>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-026-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-026-M.htm]. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.</ref>


Images:
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_small.jpg | HL - higher mag. (WC)
Image:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_large.jpg | HL - lower mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040-Ans/CI-Image-0803/FQ-046b.gif HL (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=ouhsc_q26/>
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040-Ans/CI-Image-0803/FQ-046b.gif HL (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=ouhsc_q26/>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_large.jpg HL (WC)].


=Cystic lesions of the neck=
=Cystic lesions of the neck=
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===DDx===
===DDx===
Lateral:
Lateral:
*Brachial cleft cyst.
*[[Branchial cleft cyst]].
*Cystic hygroma.
*[[Cystic hygroma]].


Medial:
Medial:
*Thyroglossal duct cyst.
*[[Thyroglossal duct cyst]].


Both:
Both:
*Epidermoid cyst.
*[[Epidermoid cyst]].
*Cystic squmaous cell carcinoma.
*Cystic [[squamous cell carcinoma]].


=See also=
=See also=
Michael
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