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m (→Bronchiectasis: more) |
(→Emphysema: more causes) |
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===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Usually due to smoking. | *Usually due to smoking. | ||
*Often lumped together with ''[[chronic bronchitis]]'' and called ''chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)''.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_386>{{Ref PCPBoD8|368}}</ref> | *Often lumped together with ''[[chronic bronchitis]]'' and called ''chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)''.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_386>{{Ref PCPBoD8|368}}</ref> | ||
Causes of emphysema other than smoking:<ref name=pmid12546267>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = P. | last2 = Gildea | first2 = TR. | last3 = Stoller | first3 = JK. | title = Emphysema in nonsmokers: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes. | journal = Cleve Clin J Med | volume = 69 | issue = 12 | pages = 928-9, 933, 936 passim | month = Dec | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12546267 | URL = http://www.ccjm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12546267 }}</ref> | |||
*[[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]] | |||
*[[Connective tissue diseases]]. | |||
**[[Marfan syndrome]]. | |||
**[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]. | |||
*[[IVDU]]. | |||
*[[HIV]]. | |||
====Pathologic classification==== | ====Pathologic classification==== |
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