High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

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High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
Diagnosis in short

High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma. H&E stain.
LM papillae with "architectural complexity" (fused papillae, branching of papillae), +/-nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear enlargement - often 4-5x the size of stromal lymphocytes, mitoses (common), +/-invasion into the lamina propria (common)
Subtypes subtype of urothelial carcinoma
LM DDx low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma in situ, squamous cell carcinoma
IHC Ki-67 high (>35% of cells), PAX8 -ve
Gross exophytic mass, frond-like appearance, friable
Site urothelium - usu. urinary bladder
Syndromes Lynch syndrome
Signs hematuria
Prevalence common
Prognosis dependent on stage, usu. moderate
Clin. DDx low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, abbreviated HGPUC, is a common form of cancer that arises from the urothelium.

It is also known as high-grade papillary urothelial cell carcinoma, abbreviated HGPUCC.

General

Gross

  • Exophytic mass.
  • Frond-like appearance.
  • Friable.

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • "High grade nuclear features":
    • Nuclear pleomorphism - often 4-5x the size of stromal lymphocytes.[3]
  • Papillae with "architectural complexity":
    • Fused papillae - common.
    • Branching of papillae common.
  • Mitoses - common.
  • +/-Invasion into the lamina propria - relatively common.

Note:

  • The presence/absence of muscle should be commented on in biopsy specimens.
  • Adipose tissue may be seen in the lamina propria; tumour adjacent to adipose tissue on a biopsy does not imply invasion deep to the muscularis propria.[4]

DDx:

Images

  • HGPUC - low mag.

  • HGPUC - intermed. mag.

  • HGPUC - high mag.

  • HGPUC - high mag.

  • HGPUC - low mag.

  • HGPUC - intermed. mag.

  • HGPUC - high mag.

IHC

  • Ki-67:
    • Rajcani et al.:[8] <25% of tumour cells for low-grade versus >50% tumour cell for high-grade.
    • Pich et al.:[9] 11%/17% for G1/G2 versus 34% for G3.
    • Mai et al. suggest there is overlap:[10] 10-30% for low-grade versus 20-50% for high-grade.
  • p53 +ve - more common in pT2 than pT1 and HGPUC than LGPUC... but not useful to definitively separate.[11]

Molecular

Molecular changes:[12]

  • p53.
  • p21.
  • RB.
  • E-cadherin - decreased bad.
  • RhoGD12 - increased bad.
  • VEGF - increased bad.

Sign out

Urinary Bladder Tumour, Transurethral Resection: 
- HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA.
-- NEGATIVE for lamina propria invasion.
-- NEGATIVE for lymphovascular invasion.
-- Please see synoptic report.
- Muscularis propria present and NEGATIVE for invasion.
- NEGATIVE for (flat) urothelial carcinoma in situ.

Block letters

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION:
- HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA.
- NO LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION APPARENT.
- NEGATIVE FOR LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION.
- NO MUSCULARIS PROPRIA IDENTIFIED.

Invasion into the lamina propria

Urinary Bladder Tumour, Transurethral Resection: 
- INVASIVE HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA with lamina propria invasion.
-- Muscularis propria present, NEGATIVE for muscularis propria invasion.
-- NEGATIVE for lymphovascular invasion.
-- Please see synoptic report.

Block letters

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION URINARY BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT): 
- INVASIVE HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION.
- MUSCULARIS PROPRIA NEGATIVE FOR INVASIVE MALIGNANCY.
- NEGATIVE FOR LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION.

Invasion into the muscularis propria

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION URINARY BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT): 
- INVASIVE HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA AT LEAST INTO MUSCULARIS PROPRIA. 
- LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION PRESENT.

Low-grade versus high-grade

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION URINARY BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT):
- HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA, SEE COMMENT.
- NEGATIVE FOR LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION.
- NO MUSCULARIS PROPRIA PRESENT.

COMMENT:
The sections show papillary branching, papillary fusion and scattered large cells (~4-5 a
resting lymphocyte). Atypical for a high-grade lesion is that mitotic activity is scarce
and prominent nucleoli are not present.

Micro

The sections show urothelial mucosa with thick papillary structures. Focally, nuclei are large (~3-4x resting lymphocyte), hyperchromatic and have nucleoli. Mitotic activity is present and focally brisk (4 mitoses in 1 HPF, 1 HPF~0.2376 mm*mm). Umbrella cells are seen only focally.

Alternate

The sections show a small fragment of urothelial mucosa with two papillary structures, enlarged nuclei (~3-4x resting lymphocyte) and moderate nuclear size variation. Mitotic activity is seen focally. Umbrella cells are seen only focally.

A mild lymphocyte-predominant inflammatory infiltrate is present. The lamina propria contains a nest with smaller cells, cystic spaces and no appreciable mitoses (cystitis cystica).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hartmann, A.; Dietmaier, W.; Hofstädter, F.; Burgart, LJ.; Cheville, JC.; Blaszyk, H. (Mar 2003). "Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: inverted growth pattern is predictive of microsatellite instability.". Hum Pathol 34 (3): 222-7. doi:10.1053/hupa.2003.22. PMID 12673555.
  2. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 310. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. ↑ Zhou, Ming; Magi-Galluzzi, Cristina (2006). Genitourinary Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 161. ISBN 978-0443066771.
  4. ↑ Bochner, BH.; Nichols, PW.; Skinner, DG. (Mar 1995). "Overstaging of transitional cell carcinoma: clinical significance of lamina propria fat within the urinary bladder.". Urology 45 (3): 528-31. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80030-2. PMID 7879346.
  5. ↑ URL: http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/bladder/tcc-papillary-transitional-urothelial-carcinoma/. Accessed on: 27 January 2014.
  6. ↑ Reis, LO.; Taheri, D.; Chaux, A.; Guner, G.; Mendoza Rodriguez, MA.; Bivalacqua, TJ.; Schoenberg, MP.; Epstein, JI. et al. (Jan 2016). "Significance of a minor high-grade component in a low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma of bladder.". Hum Pathol 47 (1): 20-5. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.09.007. PMID 26520419.>
  7. ↑ Gordetsky J, Epstein JI (July 2014). "Pseudopapillary features in prostatic adenocarcinoma mimicking urothelial carcinoma: a diagnostic pitfall". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 38 (7): 941–5. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000178. PMID 24503758.
  8. ↑ Rajcani, J.; Kajo, K.; Adamkov, M.; Moravekova, E.; Lauko, L.; Felcanova, D.; Bencat, M. (2013). "Immunohistochemical characterization of urothelial carcinoma.". Bratisl Lek Listy 114 (8): 431-8. PMID 23944616.
  9. ↑ Pich, A.; Chiusa, L.; Comino, A.; Navone, R. (1994). "Cell proliferation indices, morphometry and DNA flow cytometry provide objective criteria for distinguishing low and high grade bladder carcinomas.". Virchows Arch 424 (2): 143-8. PMID 7910097.
  10. ↑ Mai, KT.; Flood, TA.; Williams, P.; Kos, Z.; Belanger, EC. (Oct 2013). "Mixed low- and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma: histopathogenetic and clinical significance.". Virchows Arch 463 (4): 575-81. doi:10.1007/s00428-013-1456-7. PMID 23913166.
  11. ↑ Koyuncuer, A.. "Immunohistochemical expression of p63, p53 in urinary bladder carcinoma.". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 56 (1): 10-5. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.116141. PMID 23924551.
  12. ↑ Ehdaie, B.; Theodorescu, D. (Jan 2008). "Molecular markers in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: New insights into mechanisms and prognosis.". Indian J Urol 24 (1): 61-7. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.38606. PMC 2684226. PMID 19468362. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684226/.
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