Astrocytoma

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An astrocytoma is a neoplasm thought to be derived from an astrocyte. Astrocytomas/Glioblastomas are most common type of glial tumours and grouped together with Oligodendroglioma and glioneuronal tumours in the current WHO brain tumor classficiation. Some (often circumscribed) astrocytic tumors and pediatric tumours are biologically different from adult-onset diffuse astrocytomas. An overview of other CNS tumours is found in the CNS tumours article.

Categorization

Astrocytomas can be categorized in serveral ways.

  • Common vs. uncommon tumours.
  • Adult vs. pediatric tumours.
  • Circumscribed vs. diffusely growing astrocytomas.

Until 2016 WHO classification, roman numerals I-IV were used for grading. The current 2021 WHO classification uses arabic numbering 1-4 for CNS WHO grading instead.

Overview

These astrocytic tumors are frequently diagnosed in neuropathology practice:

Name Type Age Variants / Patterns / Other designations Image
Astrocytoma, IDH mutant WHO CNS grade 2 diffuse adults Diffuse, protoplasmatic, fibrillar or gemistocytic astrocytoma.
Astrocytoma whoII HE.jpg
Astrocytoma, IDH mutant WHO CNS grade 3 diffuse adults Anaplastic astrocytoma, gliomatosis cerebri
Anaplastic astrocytoma - very high mag.jpg
Astrocytoma, IDH mutant WHO CNS grade 4 diffuse adults
IDH1 GBM 20x.jpg
Glioblastoma, WHO CNS grade 4 diffuse adults small cell, epitheloid/rhabdoid, with PNET componet, with granular cell component, giant cell, gliosarcoma
Glioblastoma (1).jpg
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant, WHO CNS grade 4 diffuse children
K27M mutant diffuse glioma of the midline.jpg
Pilocytic astrocytoma, WHO CNS grade 1 circumscribed children pilomyxoid astrocytoma, anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma
Rosenthal HE 40x.jpg
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, WHO CNS grade 2 (PXA) circumscribed young adults
PXA HE x20.jpg
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, WHO CNS grade 3 (PXA) circumscribed young adults Anaplastic PXA.
Anaplastic pxa histology.jpg
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, WHO CNS grade 1 (SEGA) circumscribed young adults SEGA in tuberous sclerosis
SEGA HE.jpg

Adult-type astrocytomas

Pediatric-type astrocytomas

Diffuse growing astrocytomas

Circumscribed astrocytomas

Common Astrocytomas

Pilocytic astrocytoma

  • Benign, cystic, infratentorial.
  • Classic childhood tumor, surgically resectable.
  • Circumscribed astrocytic glioma
  • Variant: Pilomyxoid astrocytoma

Astrocytoma, IDH mutant

  • Astrocytoma, IDH mutant are less common than glioblastoma.
  • Grade 2-4 depends on histological and molecular criteria:

Astrocytoma, IDH mutant grade 2

  • Formerly designated as Diffuse astrocytoma Grade II.
  • Typically seen in adults.
  • Usually shows progression to astrocytoma IDH mutant, grade 4.

Astrocytoma, IDH mutant grade 3

  • Formerly designated Anaplastic astrocytoma Grade III.
  • Typically seen in adults.
  • Increased cellularity, cell atypia and mitotic activity.
  • Lacks endothelial proliferations and necrosis of glioblastoma.

Astrocytoma, IDH mutant grade 4

  • Formerly called Glioblastoma, IDH mutant.
  • Endothelial proliferations and necrosis indistinguishable from glioblastoma.
  • Homozygous CDKN2A deletion qualifies grade 2 and grade 3 astrocytomas as grade 4 tumor.

Glioblastoma

Uncommon Astrocytomas

Diffuse astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL-altered

  • Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade glioma.
  • Associated with epileptic seizures.
  • Excellent prognosis.

Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma

Pleomorphic xanthroastrocytoma (PXA)

  • Kids & young adults usually with good prognosis.
  • Large lipidized cells mimicking a malignant tumor

Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered

  • High-grade astrocytic neoplasm associated with midline structures (thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord).
  • Mostly in children and adolescents.
  • Includes diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DPIG).

Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant

  • Infiltrative hemispheric glioma of young adults.
  • Glioblastoma-like appearance (CNS WHO grade 4 tumor).
  • Newly defined entity in WHO 2021 classification.
  • H3F3A missense mutation G34R or G34V.

High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features

  • Frequent in posterior fossa (75%).
  • 1-3% of all brain tumors.
  • Histology may resemble Glionblastoma or Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
  • Tumor is enriched for piloid cell processes.
  • ATRX nuclear loss is frequent.
  • Usu. MAPK-pathway alterations + CDKN2A homozygous deletion.
  • Distinct methylation profile.

Gliomatosis cerebri

  • Depreceated entity.
  • Was used for extensively diffusely growing astrocytic neoplasms.
    • Introduced in 1938 as a post-mortem diagnosis.[1]
    • Since 2016 it is no longer considered a distinct entity.[2][3]
  • More than 3 lobes have to be involved, us. bilateral (radiology required).
  • biologic behaviour corresponds to WHO III (ICD-O: 9381/3)
  • Based on presence / absence of a solid component authors propose two types:[4]
    • GC type 1: classic diffuse growth, without IDH1/2 mutation.
    • GC type 2: with a solid portion, mostly IDH1 mutant.
  • Genetic studies indicate strong overlap with diffuse astrocytic gliomas, oligodendrogliomas and glioblastoma.

Gliosarcoma

General

  • Considered to be a variant of glioblastoma by WHO.[5]
  • Rare ~ 200 cases reported in the literature.[5]
  • Definition: gliosarcoma = glioblastoma + sarcomatous component.[6]
  • Usual location (like glioblastoma): temporal lobe.
  • Prognosis is similiar to glioblastoma.[7]
    • Age below 65 years is prognostic.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Glioblastoma.
  • Sarcomatous component (one of the following):[5][6]
    • Fibroblastic.
    • Cartilaginous.
    • Osseous.
    • Smooth muscle.
    • Striated muscle.
    • Adipocyte.

Images

www:

IHC

  • GFAP +ve -- astrocytic component.[8]
    • Spindle cell component -ve.[9]

Gliosarcoma with smooth muscle component (gliomyosarcoma):[10]

  • SMA +ve.
  • Factor VIII +ve.

Gliofibroma

  • Very rare indolent tumor in children [11]
  • Usually not dura-based (DD: Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma)
  • Glial tumor with non-neoplastic fibromatous component.

See also

References

  1. SAMUEL NEVIN - GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/61.2.170 170-191 First published online: 1 June 1938
  2. Johnson, DR.; Guerin, JB.; Giannini, C.; Morris, JM.; Eckel, LJ.; Kaufmann, TJ.. "2016 Updates to the WHO Brain Tumor Classification System: What the Radiologist Needs to Know.". Radiographics 37 (7): 2164-2180. doi:10.1148/rg.2017170037. PMID 29028423.
  3. Herrlinger, U.; Jones, DT.; Glas, M.; Hattingen, E.; Gramatzki, D.; Stuplich, M.; Felsberg, J.; Bähr, O. et al. (Oct 2015). "Gliomatosis cerebri: no evidence for a separate brain tumor entity.". Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1495-z. PMID 26493382.
  4. Seiz, M.; Tuettenberg, J.; Meyer, J.; Essig, M.; Schmieder, K.; Mawrin, C.; von Deimling, A.; Hartmann, C. (Aug 2010). "Detection of IDH1 mutations in gliomatosis cerebri, but only in tumors with additional solid component: evidence for molecular subtypes.". Acta Neuropathol 120 (2): 261-7. doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0701-2. PMID 20514489.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Han SJ, Yang I, Tihan T, Prados MD, Parsa AT (February 2010). "Primary gliosarcoma: key clinical and pathologic distinctions from glioblastoma with implications as a unique oncologic entity". J. Neurooncol. 96 (3): 313–20. doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9973-6. PMC 2808523. PMID 19618114. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808523/.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Ayadi L, Charfi S, Khabir A, et al. (March 2010). "[Cerebral gliosarcoma: clinico-pathologic study of 8 cases]" (in French). Tunis Med 88 (3): 142–6. PMID 20415184.
  7. Frandsen, J.; Orton, A.; Jensen, R.; Colman, H.; Cohen, AL.; Tward, J.; Shrieve, DC.; Suneja, G. (Jun 2017). "Patterns of care and outcomes in gliosarcoma: an analysis of the National Cancer Database.". J Neurosurg: 1-6. doi:10.3171/2016.12.JNS162291. PMID 28621623.
  8. Horiguchi, H.; Hirose, T.; Kannuki, S.; Nagahiro, S.; Sano, T. (Aug 1998). "Gliosarcoma: an immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and fluorescence in situ hybridization study.". Pathol Int 48 (8): 595-602. PMID 9736406.
  9. URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case361.html. Accessed on: 15 January 2012.
  10. Khanna, M.; Siraj, F.; Chopra, P.; Bhalla, S.; Roy, S.. "Gliosarcoma with prominent smooth muscle component (gliomyosarcoma): a report of 10 cases.". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 54 (1): 51-4. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.77324. PMID 21393877.
  11. Deb, P.; Sarkar, C.; Garg, A.; Singh, VP.; Kale, SS.; Sharma, MC. (Feb 2006). "Intracranial gliofibroma mimicking a meningioma: a case report and review of literature.". Clin Neurol Neurosurg 108 (2): 178-86. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.11.021. PMID 16412839.