Difference between revisions of "Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions"

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Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions (view source)

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{{hidden|What do we think that the rest of the genome does?|80% of the genome binds proteins, implying that it is involved in regulating gene expression, related to the regulation of gene expression, often in a cell-type specific fashion.}}
{{hidden|What do we think that the rest of the genome does?|80% of the genome binds proteins, implying that it is involved in regulating gene expression, related to the regulation of gene expression, often in a cell-type specific fashion.}}


{{hidden|List the major classes of functional non-protein-coding sequences found in the human genome.|1. Promoter & enhancer, 2. Chromatin binding site structures, 3. non-coding regulatory RNAs, 4. Mobile genetic elements (transposons), 5. telomeres, 6. centromers. }}
{{hidden|List the major classes of functional non-protein-coding sequences found in the human genome.|
*1. Promoter & enhancer
*2. Chromatin binding site structures
*3. non-coding regulatory RNAs
*4. Mobile genetic elements (transposons)
*5. telomeres
*6. centromers. }}


{{hidden|What are the two most common forms of DNA variation in the human genome?|1) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 2) copy number variations (CNVs)}}
{{hidden|What are the two most common forms of DNA variation in the human genome?|
*1) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
*2) copy number variations (CNVs)}}


{{hidden|What are the possible implications of SNPs.|1) regulatory = alters gene expression, 2) Correlation with disease states when in close proximity with altered genes, 3) association used to define linkage disequilibrium,?}}
{{hidden|What are the possible implications of SNPs.|
*1) regulatory = alters gene expression
*2) Correlation with disease states when in close proximity with altered genes
*3) association used to define linkage disequilibrium,?}}


{{hidden|Define epigenetics.|Heritable changes in gene expression which are not caused by alterations in DNA sequence.}}
{{hidden|Define epigenetics.|Heritable changes in gene expression which are not caused by alterations in DNA sequence.}}


{{hidden|List the 6 types of epigenetic changes.|1) Histone & histone modifying factors (Histones organize chromatin into heterochromatin and euchromatin, 2) histone methylation, 3) histone acteylation, 4)histone phosphorylation, 5) DNA methylation, 6) Chromatin organizing factors.}}
{{hidden|List the 6 types of epigenetic changes.|
*1) Histone & histone modifying factors (Histones organize chromatin into heterochromatin and euchromatin  
*2) histone methylation  
*3) histone acteylation
*4)histone phosphorylation
*5) DNA methylation
*6) Chromatin organizing factors.}}


{{hidden|What is the function of micro-RNA (mi-RNA)?|It does not encode protein, instead they function primarily to modulate the translation of target mRNAs into their corresponding proteins, and are responsible for post-transcriptional silencing of gene expression.}}
{{hidden|What is the function of micro-RNA (mi-RNA)?|It does not encode protein, instead they function primarily to modulate the translation of target mRNAs into their corresponding proteins, and are responsible for post-transcriptional silencing of gene expression.}}
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== Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death ==
== Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death ==
{{hidden|Short Answer Questions|
Experimenting, please ignore
{{hidden|<left>What are the four aspects of a disease?</left>|
{{hidden  
*1. Etiology
| headerstyle = text-align: left;
**Genetic - Inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms
| header = What are the four aspects of a disease?
| content = *1. Etiology
**Genetic - Inherited mutations and disease-associated gene variants, or polymorphisms.
**Acquired - Infectious, nutritional, chemical and physical.
**Acquired - Infectious, nutritional, chemical and physical.
*2. Pathogenesis - The sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent.
*2. Pathogenesis - The sequence of cellular, biochemical, and molecular events that follow the exposure of cells or tissues to an injurious agent.
*3. Morphological changes - The structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process.
*3. Morphological changes - The structural alterations in cells or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process.
*4. Clinical Manifestations - Symptoms and signs of disease, as well as its clinical course and outcome}}
*4. Clinical Manifestations - Symptoms and signs of disease, as well as its clinical course and outcome.}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
}}


== Chapter 3 ==
== Chapter 3 ==
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== Chapter 9 ==
== Chapter 9 ==
== Chapter 10 ==
== Chapter 10 ==
== Chapter 11 ==
== Chapter 11: Blood Vessels==
* Describe the two principal mechanisms underlying vascular disease.
* Describe the four main disease mechanisms and the vessels for which they have a predicliction.
* Describe the three layers of artery/vein walls.
* Describe how the media of arteries changes as one gets further away from the heart.
* List 5 differences between arterial vessels and venous vessels.
* List and briefly describe three vascular anomalies.
* List 5 functions of endothelial cells.
* List 5 factors which activate endothelial cells.
* List 6 features of an activated endothelial cell.
* Define endothelial dysfunction.
* List 5 functions of vascular smooth muscle cells.
* Describe how intimal thickening occurs in a healing vessel.
* List 5 difference between neointimal and medial smooth muscle cells.
* In a non diabetic what are the thresholds for diastolic and systolic blood pressure associated with increased atherosclerotic disease.
* List 5 causes of secondary hypertension.
* List 5 diseases resulting from hypertension.
* About 50% of patients with hypertension die from what 3 diseases.
* Define malignant hypertension, and list 3 ocular findings.
* Describe how cardiac function affects blood pressure.
* Describe how blood volume affects blood pressure.
* Describe how peripheral resistance affects blood pressure
* Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with renovascular hypertension.
* List some single gene disorders which cause secondary hypetension.
* List four factors are mechanisms of essential hypertension.
* List five vascular changes associated with hypertension.
* Describe the differences between hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.
* List three types of arteriosclerosis.
* What is Monckeberg medial sclerosis and how is it different from atherosclerosis?
* What disease causes more morbidity and mortality than any other in the western world?
* What is an atheromatous plaque?
* List four constituitive risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* List 5 modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* List five non constituituve and non modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* Briefly describe the pathogenic steps in atherosclerosis.
* What are the two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction?
* Briefly describe the role of LDL in atherosclerosis.
* How does inflammation contribute to atherosclerosis?
* List three viruses for which there is limited evidence of contribution to atherosclerosis.
* How do smooth muscle cells contribute to atherosclerosis?
* What are the differences between a fatty streak and a atherosclerotic plaque?
* List five most common locations of atherosclerotic plaques.
* What are the three main components of an atherosclerotic plaque.
* What is neovascularization of an atherosclerotic plaque?
* What four clinically significant changes can occur in an atherosclerotic plaque?
* What are the four major consequences of atherosclerosis?
* Define critical stenosis and the possible sequelae there of?
* What is the catch 22 of a fibrous plaque?
* What is one possible explanation for the abrupt rise in MIs after 9-11.
* What four basic mechanisms cause vasoconstriction?
* What are the possible sequelae of thrombi in a coronary artery?
* Classify aneurysms.
* List three syndromes where the connective tissue quality results in aneurysms.
* Briefly describe how collagen degradation and synthesis maintained.
* What is cystic medial degeneration and how does it relate to aneurysm formation?
* How does syphilis cause aneurysms of the aorta, and how to most of the patients die?
* What are the two most important causes of aortic aneurysms?
* What is a mycotic aneuryms and what are the three possible origins?
* Who most classically gets a AAA and where is it?
* List three variants of AAA  and briefly describe each.
* What are the four most common clinical manifestations of a AAA aside from a palpable pulsating abdominal mass.
* Describe how the risk of rupture of a AAA increases with size.
* What is the most common cause of thoracic aneurysm, and describe 5 features of this syndrome.
* List 5 signs or symptoms of thoracic aneurysm.
* What two groups of patients have aortic dissections?
* What is the most significant risk factor for aortic dissection?
* Describe the difference between an aneurysm and a dissection.
* Classify aortic dissections.
* Classify vasculitides.
* List 5 defining features of Giant cell arteritis.
* List 5 defining features of granulomatosis with polyangitis.
* List 5 defining features of Churg-Strauss syndrome.
* List 5 defining features of Polyarteritis nododum.
* List 5 defining features of Leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
* List 5 defining features of Beurger disease.
* List 5 defining features of Behcet disease.
* List 5 defining features of Takayasu arteritis.
* List 5 defining features of microscopic polyangitis.
* List 5 defining features of Kawasaki disease.
* List 5 immune complext mediated vasculitides.
* List 3 granulomatous vasculitides.
* What is a pauci immune vasculitis and give three examples.
* List some causes of infectious vasculitis.
* List 5 features of Raynaud's phenomenon.
* What is the difference between primary and secondary Raynaud's?
* What is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
* List 5 causes of myocardial vessel vasospasm.
* What are varicose veins? List three risk factors. List 5 clinical feautures.
* What three sites are venous varicosities most commonly found?
* What are the 5 most common sites of venous thrombosis?
*
 
== Chapter 12 ==
== Chapter 12 ==
== Chapter 13 ==
== Chapter 13 ==
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== Chapter 21 ==
== Chapter 21 ==
== Chapter 22 ==
== Chapter 22 ==
== Chapter 23 ==
==[[Breast (CH 23)]]==
 
== Chapter 24 ==
== Chapter 24 ==
== Chapter 25 ==
== Chapter 25 ==
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