Difference between revisions of "Prostate cancer grading"

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This article deals with '''prostate cancer grading'''. It covers the '''Gleason System''' and the proposed '''Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System'''.
This article deals with '''prostate cancer grading'''.  
 
It covers the '''Gleason system''' and the proposed '''Prostate cancer grading system endorsed by the WHO'''.
 
''Prostate cancer'' is dealt with in the ''[[prostate cancer]]'' article.


==Gleason grading system==
==Gleason grading system==
*[[AKA]] ''modified Gleason grading system''.
*[[AKA]] ''modified Gleason grading system''.
**It could be called the ''modified modified Gleason grading system'', as it has been changed twice.


===Overview===
===Overview===
*This system is only one any one talks about and there is consensus on how it is done.<ref name=pmid16096414>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | last2 = Allsbrook | first2 = WC. | last3 = Amin | first3 = MB. | last4 = Egevad | first4 = LL. | title = The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 9 | pages = 1228-42 | month = Sep | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 16096414 }}</ref>
*There is consensus on how it is done.<ref name=pmid16096414>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | last2 = Allsbrook | first2 = WC. | last3 = Amin | first3 = MB. | last4 = Egevad | first4 = LL. | title = The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 9 | pages = 1228-42 | month = Sep | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 16096414 }}</ref>
*Score range: 6-10.
*Score range: 6-10.
**Technically 2-10... but almost no one uses 2-5.
**Technically 2-10... but almost no one uses 2-5.
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**''Gleason score 3+4=7'' means: pattern 3 is present and dominant, pattern 4 is the remainder of the tumour - but present in a lesser amount than pattern 3.  
**''Gleason score 3+4=7'' means: pattern 3 is present and dominant, pattern 4 is the remainder of the tumour - but present in a lesser amount than pattern 3.  
**''Gleason score 4+5=9'' means: pattern 4 is present and dominant, pattern 5 is present in a lesser amount that pattern 4. Pattern 3 may be present in a quantity less than pattern 4 or is absent.
**''Gleason score 4+5=9'' means: pattern 4 is present and dominant, pattern 5 is present in a lesser amount that pattern 4. Pattern 3 may be present in a quantity less than pattern 4 or is absent.
**If a lower grade pattern is present and less than 5% it is ignored.
***A biopsy with 98% Gleason pattern 4 and 2% Gleason pattern 3 would be graded as 8/10 (4+4).
*Reported as on prostatectomies as: (primary pattern) + (secondary pattern) = sum, (tertiary pattern)
*Reported as on prostatectomies as: (primary pattern) + (secondary pattern) = sum, (tertiary pattern)


*Tertiary Gleason pattern - definition: a pattern that is seen in less than 5% of the tumour (volume), that is higher grade than the two dominant patterns.<ref name=Ref_GUP72>{{Ref GUP|72}}</ref>
====When to use/not to use====
**The presence of a tertiary patterns adversely affect the prognosis; however, the prognosis is not as bad as when the tertiary pattern is the secondary pattern, i.e. 3+4 tertiary 5 has a better prognosis than 3+5 (with some small amount of pattern 4).<ref name=Ref_GUP72>{{Ref GUP|72}}</ref>
The ''College of American Pathologist'' synoptic (''Cancer Protocol Template'') says:<ref>Srigley JR ''et al.'', "Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland", College of American Pathologists, Version: 4.0.3.0. (June 2017), Accessed on: 10 October 2018.</ref>
*Grade all prostate specimens with adenocarcinoma except those with prior treatment changes (e.g. radiation therapy changes or anti-androgen changes).


Testing yourself:
====Tertiary Gleason pattern====
*There is a nice test-yourself quiz from Johns Hopkins: [http://162.129.103.34/prostate/ http://162.129.103.34/prostate/].
*Unfortunately there is no consensus definition for ''tertiary Gleason pattern''.<ref name=Koloffa>{{Cite journal | last1 = Koloffa | first1 = ZB | last2 = Hamstrab | first2 = DA | last3 = Weia | first3 = JT | last4 = Montgomerya | first4 = JS ''et al''| title = Impact of tertiary Gleason pattern 5 on prostate cancer aggressiveness: Lessons from a contemporary single institution radical prostatectomy series | journal = Asian Journal of Urology | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 53–58 | month = | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajur.2015.04.007 | PMID = | PMC = | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214388215000302 }}</ref>
**It was studied in a paper by Kronz et al.<ref name=pmid11014569>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kronz | first1 = JD. | last2 = Silberman | first2 = MA. | last3 = Allsbrook | first3 = WC. | last4 = Bastacky | first4 = SI. | last5 = Burks | first5 = RT. | last6 = Cina | first6 = SJ. | last7 = Mills | first7 = SE. | last8 = Ross | first8 = JS. | last9 = Sakr | first9 = WA. | last10 = Tomaszewski | first10 = JE. | last11 = True | first11 = LD. | last12 = Ulbright | first12 = TM. | last13 = Weinstein | first13 = MW. | last14 = Yantiss | first14 = RK. | last15 = Young | first15 = RH. | last16 = Epstein | first16 = JI. | title = Pathology residents' use of a Web-based tutorial to improve Gleason grading of prostate carcinoma on needle biopsies. | journal = Hum Pathol | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 1044-50 | month = Sep | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1053/hupa.2000.16278 | PMID = 11014569 }}</ref>
**The Foundation series GU book (1st Ed.) defines ''Tertiary Gleason pattern'' as:<ref name=Ref_GUP72>{{Ref GUP|72}}</ref> a pattern that is seen in less than 5% of the tumour that is of a higher grade than the two dominant patterns.
**Koloffa ''et al''<ref name=Koloffa/> notes that some define it as: the third most prevalent pattern and most require that it is a higher grade than the two dominant patterns.
***Parsed with the all the subtleties a working definition could be: The third most prevalent pattern ''and'' a higher grade than the two dominant patterns ''or'' a pattern that is seen in less than 5% of the tumour and of higher grade than one pattern that comprises >95% of the tumour.
 
Significance:
*The presence of a tertiary patterns adversely affect the prognosis; however, the prognosis is not as bad as when the tertiary pattern is the secondary pattern, i.e. 3+4 tertiary 5 has a better prognosis than 3+5 (with some small amount of pattern 4).<ref name=Ref_GUP72>{{Ref GUP|72}}</ref>
 
Use:
*It is only used for prostatectomies.


====Examples====
====Examples====
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*A prostatectomy with 80% pattern 4, 16% pattern 3 and 4% pattern 5... would be reported as: 4+3=7 with tertiary pattern 5.
*A prostatectomy with 80% pattern 4, 16% pattern 3 and 4% pattern 5... would be reported as: 4+3=7 with tertiary pattern 5.


 
Note:
*Based on the various definitions of tertiary pattern:<ref name=Koloffa/>
**A prostatectomy with 75% pattern 4, 15% pattern 3 and 10% pattern 5 could be reported as: 4+3=7 with tertiary pattern 5 ''or'' 4+5=9.
***As there is no consensus on this, it is probably best to report the percentages of the various patterns if this situation arises.


===Gleason patterns (modified)===
===Gleason patterns (modified)===
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Notes:
Notes:
*Gleason pattern 1 - probably represents what today would be called ''adenosis''.
*Gleason pattern 1 - probably represents what today would be called ''adenosis''.
**Should never be used.
**Should '''never''' be used.
*Gleason pattern 2 - used by few GU pathology experts occasionally.
*Gleason pattern 2 - used by few GU pathology experts occasionally.
**Generally, should '''not''' be diagnosed on core biopsies.<ref name=pmid20006878>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | title = An update of the Gleason grading system. | journal = J Urol | volume = 183 | issue = 2 | pages = 433-40 | month = Feb | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.046 | PMID = 20006878 }}</ref>
**Generally, should '''not''' be diagnosed on core biopsies.<ref name=pmid20006878>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | title = An update of the Gleason grading system. | journal = J Urol | volume = 183 | issue = 2 | pages = 433-40 | month = Feb | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.046 | PMID = 20006878 }}</ref>
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Notes:
Notes:
*Gland lumina should be seen.
*Gland lumina should be seen.
*All ''cribriform'' is now, generally, classified as Gleason pattern 4.<ref name=pmid20006878>{{cite journal |author=Epstein JI |title=An update of the Gleason grading system |journal=J. Urol. |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=433–40 |year=2010 |month=February |pmid=20006878 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.046 |url=}}</ref>
*All ''cribriform'' is now, generally, classified as Gleason pattern 4.<ref name=pmid20006878>{{Cite journal | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | title = An update of the Gleason grading system. | journal = J Urol | volume = 183 | issue = 2 | pages = 433-40 | month = Feb | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.046 | PMID = 20006878 }}</ref>


====Gleason pattern 4====
====Gleason pattern 4====
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Image:Prostate_cancer_with_Gleason_pattern_4_low_mag.jpg | Gleason pattern 4 - cribriform. (WC)
Image:Prostate_cancer_with_Gleason_pattern_4_low_mag.jpg | Gleason pattern 4 - cribriform. (WC)
Image:Gleason_4_and_5_intermed_mag.jpg | Gleason pattern 4 - small glands & Gleason pattern 5 - single cells. (WC)
Image:Gleason_4_and_5_intermed_mag.jpg | Gleason pattern 4 - small glands & Gleason pattern 5 - single cells. (WC)
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image: Prostatic carcinoma - Gleason pattern 4 -- intermed mag.jpg | PC Gleason pattern 4 - intermed. mag.
Image: Prostatic carcinoma - Gleason pattern 4 -- high mag.jpg | PC Gleason pattern 4 - high mag.
</gallery>
</gallery>
www:
www:
Line 89: Line 112:


=====Images=====
=====Images=====
<gallery>
Image: Poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma -- intermed mag.jpg | PDPC (Gleason pattern 5) - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image: Poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma -- high mag.jpg | PDPC (Gleason pattern 5) - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image: Poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma -- very high mag.jpg | PDPC (Gleason pattern 5) - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
<gallery>  
<gallery>  
Image:Gleason_4_and_5_intermed_mag.jpg | Gleason pattern 4 - small glands (left) & Gleason pattern 5 - single cells (right). (WC)
Image:Gleason_4_and_5_intermed_mag.jpg | Gleason pattern 4 - small glands (left) & Gleason pattern 5 - single cells (right). (WC)
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| some advocate grade 4<ref name=pmid14976541/>
| some advocate grade 4<ref name=pmid14976541/>
|-
|-
|Sarcomatoid carcinoma
| [[Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate|Sarcomatoid carcinoma]]
| 5
| 5
| glands graded separately
| glands graded separately
Line 118: Line 146:
|  
|  
|-
|-
|Small cell carcinoma
|[[Small cell carcinoma of the prostate gland|Small cell carcinoma]]
| not graded (ISUP 2005 consensus<ref name=pmid16096414>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | last2 = Allsbrook | first2 = WC. | last3 = Amin | first3 = MB. | last4 = Egevad | first4 = LL. | title = The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 9 | pages = 1228-42 | month = Sep | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 16096414 }}</ref>)
| not graded (ISUP 2005 consensus<ref name=pmid16096414>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | last2 = Allsbrook | first2 = WC. | last3 = Amin | first3 = MB. | last4 = Egevad | first4 = LL. | title = The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 9 | pages = 1228-42 | month = Sep | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 16096414 }}</ref>)
| may be graded 5<ref name=bostwicklabs/>
| may be graded 5<ref name=bostwicklabs/>
Line 203: Line 231:
</pre>
</pre>


==Grade groupings==
====Separate nodule upgrades prostatectomy====
<pre>
A tumour nodule in the left mid portion of the gland (1.2 cm) is predominantly 4+3; the Gleason score for the case is assigned on the basis of the tumour nodule as Gleason score 7/10 (4+3).
 
Overall, Gleason pattern 3 represents 65% of the cancer in the prostate, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 35% of the cancer in the prostate. 
</pre>
 
==Prostate cancer grading system endorsed by the WHO==
*[[AKA]] ''WHO prostate cancer grading system'' or ''WHO system''.
*[[AKA]] ''ISUP prostate grading''.
*[[AKA]] ''grade groupings''.
*[[AKA]] ''prognostic Gleason grade groupings''.
*[[AKA]] ''prognostic Gleason grade groupings''.
*[[AKA]] ''A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System''.
*[[AKA]] ''a contemporary prostate cancer grading system'', abbreviated ''CPCGS''.
*[[AKA]] ''Gleason group''.<ref>URL: [http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/prostate-cancer/stages-and-grades http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/prostate-cancer/stages-and-grades]. Accessed on: May 1, 2017.</ref>
This system has been proposed. Currently, it is not widely used. The name of the system is ''not'' completely settled.
This system has been proposed. Currently, it is not widely used. The name of the system is ''not'' completely settled.  


Proposed new system and old (modified) Gleason score:<ref name=jhu2014>URL: [http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php]. Accessed on: 28 March 2015.</ref><ref name=pmid26166626>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | last2 = Zelefsky | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Sjoberg | first3 = DD. | last4 = Nelson | first4 = JB. | last5 = Egevad | first5 = L. | last6 = Magi-Galluzzi | first6 = C. | last7 = Vickers | first7 = AJ. | last8 = Parwani | first8 = AV. | last9 = Reuter | first9 = VE. | title = A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. | journal = Eur Urol | volume =  | issue =  | pages =  | month = Jul | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.046 | PMID = 26166626 }}</ref>
===WHO prostate cancer grading system & Gleason score===
{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
Proposed new system (endorsed by the WHO<ref name=pmid26492179>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | last2 = Egevad | first2 = L. | last3 = Amin | first3 = MB. | last4 = Delahunt | first4 = B. | last5 = Srigley | first5 = JR. | last6 = Humphrey | first6 = PA. | title = The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of Grading Patterns and Proposal for a New Grading System. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 244-52 | month = Feb | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000530 | PMID = 26492179 }}</ref>) and old (modified) Gleason score:<ref name=jhu2014>URL: [http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php]. Accessed on: 28 March 2015.</ref><ref name=pmid26166626>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JI. | last2 = Zelefsky | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Sjoberg | first3 = DD. | last4 = Nelson | first4 = JB. | last5 = Egevad | first5 = L. | last6 = Magi-Galluzzi | first6 = C. | last7 = Vickers | first7 = AJ. | last8 = Parwani | first8 = AV. | last9 = Reuter | first9 = VE. | title = A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. | journal = Eur Urol | volume =  | issue =  | pages =  | month = Jul | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.046 | PMID = 26166626 }}</ref>
! Prognostic group
{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
! WHO grade 
! Gleason score
! Gleason score
|-
|-
| I
| I
| 3+3
| 6 (3+3)
|-
|-
| II
| II
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Rationale:
Rationale:
*Patients won't be told they have a 6 out of 10 cancer, and then think it is an intermediate grade cancer that is worrisome. Instead, they will be told they have a 1 out of 5 cancer.<ref name=jhu2014>URL: [http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php]. Accessed on: 28 March 2015.</ref>
*Patients won't be told they have a 6 out of 10 cancer, and then think it is an intermediate grade cancer that is worrisome. Instead, they will be told they have a 1 out of 5 cancer.<ref name=jhu2014>URL: [http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php]. Accessed on: 28 March 2015.</ref>
*Gleason score 7 is split into two separate groups, as the follow-up data suggests they should be.
===Prognostication===
Recurrence free progression stratified by the system endorsed by the WHO:<ref name=pmid26166626/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
! WHO grade
! Hazard ratio<br>compared to Group I
|-
| I
| (1.0)
|-
| II
| 1.9
|-
| III
| 5.1
|-
| IV
| 8.0
|-
| V
| 11.7
|}
===Sign out===
*The language is still evolving as this is relatively new.
*As of 2017, many pathologists continue to predominantly use (modified) Gleason grading, and add a comment about (the equivalent grade in) the new grading system.
====Reporting examples====
Within a synoptic report:
<pre>
Grade group: Grade Group 3, Gleason score 4+3=7.
</pre>
As a comment:
<pre>
The World Health Organization (WHO) grade is: 3 out of 5. Gleason pattern 3 represents 30% of the tumour, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 70% of the tumour.
</pre>
=====Alternates=====
<pre>
The World Health Organization (WHO) prostate cancer grade is: 3 out of 5. Gleason pattern 3 represents 30% of the tumour, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 70% of the tumour.
</pre>
<pre>
Gleason pattern 3 represents 30% of the tumour, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 70% of the tumour.
The World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed prostate cancer grade grouping is: 3 out of 5.
</pre>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Prostate cancer]].
*[[Prostate cancer]].
*[[Prostate cancer staging]].
*[[Cancer staging systems]].
*[[Cribriform pattern within invasive prostate carcinoma]].
*[[Apparent diffusion coefficient]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Reflist|1}}


[[Category:Prostate cancer]]
[[Category:Prostate carcinoma]]

Latest revision as of 16:37, 10 October 2018

This article deals with prostate cancer grading.

It covers the Gleason system and the proposed Prostate cancer grading system endorsed by the WHO.

Prostate cancer is dealt with in the prostate cancer article.

Gleason grading system

  • AKA modified Gleason grading system.
    • It could be called the modified modified Gleason grading system, as it has been changed twice.

Overview

  • There is consensus on how it is done.[1]
  • Score range: 6-10.
    • Technically 2-10... but almost no one uses 2-5.
  • Reported on biopsy (and TURP) as: (primary pattern) + (highest non-primary pattern) = sum.
    • Gleason score 3+4=7 means: pattern 3 is present and dominant, pattern 4 is the remainder of the tumour - but present in a lesser amount than pattern 3.
    • Gleason score 4+5=9 means: pattern 4 is present and dominant, pattern 5 is present in a lesser amount that pattern 4. Pattern 3 may be present in a quantity less than pattern 4 or is absent.
    • If a lower grade pattern is present and less than 5% it is ignored.
      • A biopsy with 98% Gleason pattern 4 and 2% Gleason pattern 3 would be graded as 8/10 (4+4).
  • Reported as on prostatectomies as: (primary pattern) + (secondary pattern) = sum, (tertiary pattern)

When to use/not to use

The College of American Pathologist synoptic (Cancer Protocol Template) says:[2]

  • Grade all prostate specimens with adenocarcinoma except those with prior treatment changes (e.g. radiation therapy changes or anti-androgen changes).

Tertiary Gleason pattern

  • Unfortunately there is no consensus definition for tertiary Gleason pattern.[3]
    • The Foundation series GU book (1st Ed.) defines Tertiary Gleason pattern as:[4] a pattern that is seen in less than 5% of the tumour that is of a higher grade than the two dominant patterns.
    • Koloffa et al[3] notes that some define it as: the third most prevalent pattern and most require that it is a higher grade than the two dominant patterns.
      • Parsed with the all the subtleties a working definition could be: The third most prevalent pattern and a higher grade than the two dominant patterns or a pattern that is seen in less than 5% of the tumour and of higher grade than one pattern that comprises >95% of the tumour.

Significance:

  • The presence of a tertiary patterns adversely affect the prognosis; however, the prognosis is not as bad as when the tertiary pattern is the secondary pattern, i.e. 3+4 tertiary 5 has a better prognosis than 3+5 (with some small amount of pattern 4).[4]

Use:

  • It is only used for prostatectomies.

Examples

  • A biopsy with 80% pattern 4, 16% pattern 3 and 4% pattern 5... would be reported as: 4+5=9.
  • A biopsy with 92% pattern 4, and 8% pattern 3... would be reported as: 4+3=7.
  • A biopsy with 98% pattern 4, and 2% pattern 3... would be reported as: 4+4=8.
  • A prostatectomy with 80% pattern 4, 16% pattern 3 and 4% pattern 5... would be reported as: 4+3=7 with tertiary pattern 5.

Note:

  • Based on the various definitions of tertiary pattern:[3]
    • A prostatectomy with 75% pattern 4, 15% pattern 3 and 10% pattern 5 could be reported as: 4+3=7 with tertiary pattern 5 or 4+5=9.
      • As there is no consensus on this, it is probably best to report the percentages of the various patterns if this situation arises.

Gleason patterns (modified)

Gleason pattern 1 & 2

  • Use strongly discouraged by a number of GU pathology experts.

Notes:

  • Gleason pattern 1 - probably represents what today would be called adenosis.
    • Should never be used.
  • Gleason pattern 2 - used by few GU pathology experts occasionally.
    • Generally, should not be diagnosed on core biopsies.[5]

Gleason pattern 3

  • Glands smaller than normal prostate glands + loss of epithelial folding.
  • Can draw a line around each gland.
  • May have gland branching.
    • Glands have a X, U, V or Y shape.

Notes:

  • Gland lumina should be seen.
  • All cribriform is now, generally, classified as Gleason pattern 4.[5]

Gleason pattern 4

  • Loss of gland lumina.
  • Gland fusion.
  • Benign looking cords ('hypernephroid pattern').
  • Cribriform.
  • Glomeruloid pattern - resembles a glomerulus.

Notes:

  • One gland is not enough to call Gleason 4.
Images

www:

Gleason pattern 5

  • Sheets.
    • Must be differentiated from intraductal growth (which like in the breast are well circumscribed nests).
  • Single cells.
    • May be confused with stromal/lymphocytic infiltration.
      • Look for nucleoli, cells should be round (prostatic stroma cells are spindle cells).
  • Cords (strands).
    • Line of cells.
    • Should not be intermixed with clumps of cells (pattern 4).
  • Nests of cells with necrosis (at the centre) (comedonecrosis) or (intraluminal) necrosis in a cribriform pattern.[1]
    • Necrosis:
      • Nuclear changes:
        • Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation).
        • Pynosis (nuclear shrinkage).
        • Karyolysis (nuclear dissolution).
      • Cell ghosts (cells without a nucleus).

Notes:

  • Pattern 5 may be under-diagnosed.
  • Single cells is the most commonly missed pattern.[6]
Images

www:

Gleason pattern for special types

Special types of prostate cancer have suggested Gleason patterns:[7]

Special type Gleason pattern Comment
Ductal carcinoma 4 may be graded 3 or 5[8]
Mucinous carcinoma 3 or 4 - dependent on morphology[9][10] some advocate grade 4[7]
Sarcomatoid carcinoma 5 glands graded separately
Signet ring cell carcinoma 5
Small cell carcinoma not graded (ISUP 2005 consensus[1]) may be graded 5[8]
Adenosquamous and squamous carcinoma not graded
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma not graded
Adenoid cystic carcinoma not graded
Urothelial carcinoma not graded
Undifferentiated carcinoma, NOS not graded

How to remember the ones that aren't graded - think of Ur Lung carcinomas (Urothelial carcinoma, Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma):

  • Small cell carcinoma.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Adenosquamous carcinoma.
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Biopsy-prostatectomy concordance of Gleason score

  • Discordance is common.
    • Upgrade on prostatectomy: 25-40%.
    • Downgrade on prostatectomy: 5-15%.

Selected studies on concordance:

Study Upgrade Downgrade Notes
Sfoungaristos et al.[11] 42.1% 13.7% high volume of tumour predicts upgrade
Thomas et al.[12] 38.1% 4.7%
Truesdale et al.[13] 23% 11%

Sign out

Upgrading

Gleason score upgrading on prostatectomy is considered relatively common; it is reported 
to occur in 23% to 42.1% of cases.[1][2]

1. BJU Int. 2011 107 (5): 749-54.
2. Can Urol Assoc J. 2012 Jan 24:1-5.

Downgrading

Gleason score downgrading on prostatectomy is considered uncommon; however, it is reported 
in 4.7% to 13.7% of cases.[1][2]

1. BJU Int. 2012 Jan; 109(2):214-9.
2. Can Urol Assoc J. 2012 Jan; 24;1-5.

Order of Gleason score components changed

COMMENT:
The change in the order of the Gleason score components (3+4 on prostatectomy 
versus 4+3 on core biopsy) may be explained by sampling.

Separate nodule upgrades prostatectomy

A tumour nodule in the left mid portion of the gland (1.2 cm) is predominantly 4+3; the Gleason score for the case is assigned on the basis of the tumour nodule as Gleason score 7/10 (4+3).

Overall, Gleason pattern 3 represents 65% of the cancer in the prostate, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 35% of the cancer in the prostate.  

Prostate cancer grading system endorsed by the WHO

  • AKA WHO prostate cancer grading system or WHO system.
  • AKA ISUP prostate grading.
  • AKA grade groupings.
  • AKA prognostic Gleason grade groupings.
  • AKA a contemporary prostate cancer grading system, abbreviated CPCGS.
  • AKA Gleason group.[14]

This system has been proposed. Currently, it is not widely used. The name of the system is not completely settled. This system has been proposed. Currently, it is not widely used. The name of the system is not completely settled.

WHO prostate cancer grading system & Gleason score

Proposed new system (endorsed by the WHO[15]) and old (modified) Gleason score:[16][17]

WHO grade Gleason score
I 6 (3+3)
II 3+4
III 4+3
IV 8 (4+4, 3+5, 5+3)
V 9 or 10 (4+5, 5+4, 5+5)

Rationale:

  • Patients won't be told they have a 6 out of 10 cancer, and then think it is an intermediate grade cancer that is worrisome. Instead, they will be told they have a 1 out of 5 cancer.[16]
  • Gleason score 7 is split into two separate groups, as the follow-up data suggests they should be.

Prognostication

Recurrence free progression stratified by the system endorsed by the WHO:[17]

WHO grade Hazard ratio
compared to Group I
I (1.0)
II 1.9
III 5.1
IV 8.0
V 11.7

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  • The language is still evolving as this is relatively new.
  • As of 2017, many pathologists continue to predominantly use (modified) Gleason grading, and add a comment about (the equivalent grade in) the new grading system.

Reporting examples

Within a synoptic report:

Grade group: Grade Group 3, Gleason score 4+3=7.

As a comment:

The World Health Organization (WHO) grade is: 3 out of 5. Gleason pattern 3 represents 30% of the tumour, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 70% of the tumour.
Alternates
The World Health Organization (WHO) prostate cancer grade is: 3 out of 5. Gleason pattern 3 represents 30% of the tumour, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 70% of the tumour.
Gleason pattern 3 represents 30% of the tumour, and Gleason pattern 4 represents 70% of the tumour.
The World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed prostate cancer grade grouping is: 3 out of 5.

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Epstein, JI.; Allsbrook, WC.; Amin, MB.; Egevad, LL. (Sep 2005). "The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma.". Am J Surg Pathol 29 (9): 1228-42. PMID 16096414.
  2. Srigley JR et al., "Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland", College of American Pathologists, Version: 4.0.3.0. (June 2017), Accessed on: 10 October 2018.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Koloffa, ZB; Hamstrab, DA; Weia, JT; Montgomerya, JS et al (2015). "Impact of tertiary Gleason pattern 5 on prostate cancer aggressiveness: Lessons from a contemporary single institution radical prostatectomy series". Asian Journal of Urology 2 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.ajur.2015.04.007. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214388215000302.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Zhou, Ming; Magi-Galluzzi, Cristina (2006). Genitourinary Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 72. ISBN 978-0443066771.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Epstein, JI. (Feb 2010). "An update of the Gleason grading system.". J Urol 183 (2): 433-40. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.046. PMID 20006878.
  6. Fajardo, DA.; Miyamoto, H.; Miller, JS.; Lee, TK.; Epstein, JI. (Nov 2011). "Identification of Gleason pattern 5 on prostatic needle core biopsy: frequency of underdiagnosis and relation to morphology.". Am J Surg Pathol 35 (11): 1706-11. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318228571d. PMID 21997691.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Grignon DJ (March 2004). "Unusual subtypes of prostate cancer". Mod. Pathol. 17 (3): 316–27. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800052. PMID 14976541.
  8. 8.0 8.1 URL: https://www.bostwicklaboratories.com/global/physicians/medical-library/articles/gleason-grading.aspx. Accessed on: 26 November 2011.
  9. Osunkoya, AO.; Adsay, NV.; Cohen, C.; Epstein, JI.; Smith, SL. (Jul 2008). "MUC2 expression in primary mucinous and nonmucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate: an analysis of 50 cases on radical prostatectomy.". Mod Pathol 21 (7): 789-94. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2008.47. PMID 18487999.
  10. Osunkoya, AO.; Nielsen, ME.; Epstein, JI. (Mar 2008). "Prognosis of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated by radical prostatectomy: a study of 47 cases.". Am J Surg Pathol 32 (3): 468-72. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181589f72. PMID 18300802.
  11. Sfoungaristos, S.; Perimenis, P. (Jan 2012). "Clinical and pathological variables that predict changes in tumour grade after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer.". Can Urol Assoc J: 1-5. doi:10.5489/cuaj.11067. PMID 22277633.
  12. Thomas, C.; Pfirrmann, K.; Pieles, F.; Bogumil, A.; Gillitzer, R.; Wiesner, C.; Thüroff, JW.; Melchior, SW. (Jan 2012). "Predictors for clinically relevant Gleason score upgrade in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.". BJU Int 109 (2): 214-9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10187.x. PMID 21592293.
  13. Truesdale, MD.; Cheetham, PJ.; Turk, AT.; Sartori, S.; Hruby, GW.; Dinneen, EP.; Benson, MC.; Badani, KK. (Mar 2011). "Gleason score concordance on biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer: is pathological re-evaluation necessary prior to radical prostatectomy?". BJU Int 107 (5): 749-54. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09570.x. PMID 20840549.
  14. URL: http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/prostate-cancer/stages-and-grades. Accessed on: May 1, 2017.
  15. Epstein, JI.; Egevad, L.; Amin, MB.; Delahunt, B.; Srigley, JR.; Humphrey, PA. (Feb 2016). "The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of Grading Patterns and Proposal for a New Grading System.". Am J Surg Pathol 40 (2): 244-52. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000530. PMID 26492179.
  16. 16.0 16.1 URL: http://urology.jhu.edu/newsletter/2014/prostate_cancer_2014_19.php. Accessed on: 28 March 2015.
  17. 17.0 17.1 Epstein, JI.; Zelefsky, MJ.; Sjoberg, DD.; Nelson, JB.; Egevad, L.; Magi-Galluzzi, C.; Vickers, AJ.; Parwani, AV. et al. (Jul 2015). "A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score.". Eur Urol. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.046. PMID 26166626.