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Difference between revisions of "Pediatric pathology"
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[[Image:Wilms tumor.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Gross pathology|Gross]] image of a [[Wilms tumour]], a tumour common in pediatric pathology. (WC/AFIP)]] | |||
The article deals with '''paediatric pathology''', which is quite different than adult pathology. Many diseases that afflict children are uncommon or unheard of in adults. | The article deals with '''paediatric pathology''', which is quite different than adult pathology. Many diseases that afflict children are uncommon or unheard of in adults. | ||
=Syndromes= | =Syndromes= | ||
==DiGeorge syndrome== | |||
{{Main|DiGeorge syndrome}} | |||
==Noonan syndrome== | ==Noonan syndrome== | ||
*Many different problems.<ref> | *Many different problems.<ref name=omim163950>{{OMIM|163950}}</ref> | ||
*Mutation in ''PTPN11 gene''. | |||
**This gene is also implicated in multiple [[granular cell tumour]]s. | |||
===Cardiac=== | ===Cardiac=== | ||
*May be associated with [[cardiomyopathy]]: DCM, RCM. | *May be associated with [[cardiomyopathy]]: [[DCM]], [[RCM]]. | ||
==Angelmann syndrome== | ==Angelmann syndrome== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 30: | ||
Among others, things discussed include: | Among others, things discussed include: | ||
*Cystic fibrosis. | *[[Cystic fibrosis]]. | ||
*Aganglionosis (Hirschsprung disease). | *[[Aganglionosis]] (Hirschsprung disease). | ||
*Meconium peritonitis. | *[[Meconium peritonitis]]. | ||
*Necrotizing enterocolitis. | *[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]. | ||
=Pulmonary pathology= | |||
==Respiratory distress syndrome== | |||
*Abbreviated ''RDS''. | |||
**Should not be confused with ''[[acute respiratory distress syndrome]]'' (ARDS). | |||
*Previously known as ''hyaline membrane disease''. | |||
===General=== | |||
Associations: | |||
*Prematurity. | |||
*Maternal diabetes.<ref name=pmid22094826>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hay | first1 = WW. | title = Care of the Infant of the Diabetic Mother. | journal = Curr Diab Rep | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-011-0243-6 | PMID = 22094826 }}</ref> | |||
Etiology: | |||
*Not enough lung surfactant -> alveolar collapse with exhalation -> increased work of breathing. | |||
Complications of oxygen therapy:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_244>{{Ref PCPBoD8|244}}</ref> | |||
*Retinopathy of prematurity. | |||
*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]. | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_243>{{Ref PCPBoD8|243}}</ref> | |||
*Proteineous (cellular) debris (hyaline membranes) line alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. | |||
Note: | |||
*Similar to ''[[diffuse alveolar damage]]''. | |||
=Cardiovascular pathology= | =Cardiovascular pathology= | ||
==Congenital heart disease== | |||
{{Main|Congenital heart disease}} | |||
This is a huge topic. | |||
==Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn== | ==Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn== | ||
*Abbreviated PPHN. | *Abbreviated PPHN. | ||
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White matter lesions:<ref name=pmid20626887/> | White matter lesions:<ref name=pmid20626887/> | ||
*Periventricular leukomalacia. | *[[Periventricular leukomalacia]]. | ||
*Subcortical leukomalacia. | *Subcortical leukomalacia. | ||
*Telencephalic (cerebral) leukomalacia. | *Telencephalic (cerebral) leukomalacia. | ||
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***Image: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799187/figure/F1/ Germinal matrix (nlm.nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid19816235/> | ***Image: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799187/figure/F1/ Germinal matrix (nlm.nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid19816235/> | ||
*The germinal matrix is thought to be intrinsically fragile and is especially so in premature infants. | *The germinal matrix is thought to be intrinsically fragile and is especially so in premature infants. | ||
Grading: | |||
*Grade 1 = confined to germinal matrix. | |||
*Grade 2 = ventricular hemorrhage. | |||
*Grade 3 = distortion of ventricle. | |||
*Grade 4 = disruption of white matter. | |||
===Periventricular leukomalacia=== | |||
Features:<ref name=pmid12416551>{{Cite journal | last1 = Rezaie | first1 = P. | last2 = Dean | first2 = A. | title = Periventricular leukomalacia, inflammation and white matter lesions within the developing nervous system. | journal = Neuropathology | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 106-32 | month = Sep | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12416551 }}</ref> | |||
*Multifocal [[necrosis]] of the cortical white matter adjacent to the lateral ventricles. | |||
*Usually symmetric. | |||
=Pediatric tumours= | |||
Many pediatric tumours have a "primative" histologic appearance and can be grouped into the category ''[[small round cell tumour]]'', which is covered in the article having that name and gives an overview of that grouping. | |||
==Wilms tumour== | |||
:[[AKA]] nephroblastoma. | |||
{{Main|Wilms tumour}} | |||
Most common abdominal solid organ malignancy in children. A good starting point if you're considering this entity is the ''[[small round cell tumours]]'' article. | |||
==Rhadomyosarcoma== | |||
:Commonly abbreviated ''RMS''. | |||
{{Main|Rhabdomyosarcoma}} | |||
This covers RMS. A good starting point if you're considering this entity is the ''[[small round cell tumours]]'' article. | |||
==Hepatoblastoma== | |||
{{Main|Hepatoblastoma}} | |||
A good starting point if you're considering this entity is the ''[[small round cell tumours]]'' article. | |||
==Lymphoma== | |||
{{Main|Lymphoma}} | |||
In reference to malignancies, these are very common in children. | |||
==Neuroblastoma== | |||
{{Main|Neuroblastoma}} | |||
A good starting point if you're considering this entity is the ''[[small round cell tumours]]'' article. | |||
=Dermatopathology= | |||
{{Main|Dermatopathology}} | |||
==Juvenile xanthogranuloma== | |||
{{Main|Juvenile xanthogranuloma}} | |||
=Soft tissue lesions= | |||
{{Main|Soft tissue lesions}} | |||
The histomorphology can look very malignant when viewed through the context of adult [[soft tissue pathology]].<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|252}}</ref> | |||
=References= | =References= | ||
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*[http://www.sppg.ch/ Swiss pediatric pathology group (sppg.ch)]. | *[http://www.sppg.ch/ Swiss pediatric pathology group (sppg.ch)]. | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pediatric pathology]] | ||