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Difference between revisions of "Parathyroid adenoma"
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| Micro = proliferation of parathyroid cells (chief cells, oxyphils or both) usually lacking adipose tissue, +/-rimmed by normal parathyroid gland, lack of destructive invasion of surround structures, lack of metastatic disease | | Micro = proliferation of parathyroid cells (chief cells, oxyphils or both) usually lacking adipose tissue, +/-rimmed by normal parathyroid gland, lack of destructive invasion of surround structures, lack of metastatic disease | ||
| Subtypes = chief cell, oxyphil, mixed | | Subtypes = chief cell, oxyphil, mixed | ||
| LMDDx = [[parathyroid hyperplasia]], [[parathyroid carcinoma]], [[lymph node]], [[thyroid gland]] | | LMDDx = [[parathyroid hyperplasia]], [[parathyroid carcinoma]], [[lymph node]], [[thyroid gland]], [[Hürthle cell adenoma]] of thyroid (for ''oxyphil'' subtype) | ||
| Stains = | | Stains = | ||
| IHC = Ki-67 low | | IHC = Ki-67 low | ||
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==General== | ==General== | ||
*[[Clinical diagnosis]]. | *[[Clinical diagnosis]] - significant intraoperative drop of PTH after removal of suspected adenoma.<ref name=pmid26211860>{{Cite journal | last1 = Özkul | first1 = MH. | last2 = Uyar | first2 = M. | last3 = Bayram | first3 = Ö. | last4 = Dikmen | first4 = B. | title = Parathyroid scintigraphy and minimal invasive surgery in parathyroid adenomas. | journal = Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 205-13 | month = | year = | doi = | PMID = 26211860 }}</ref> | ||
*Most common cause of [[primary hyperparathyroidism]].<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1127>{{Ref PBoD8|1127}}</ref> | *Most common cause of [[primary hyperparathyroidism]].<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1127>{{Ref PBoD8|1127}}</ref> | ||
*May be associated with [[MEN 1]] or [[MEN 2A]]. | *May be associated with [[MEN 1]] or [[MEN 2A]]. | ||
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==Gross== | ==Gross== | ||
*One parathyroid gland is big... the others are small. | *One parathyroid gland is big... the others are small. | ||
Note: | |||
*There is a classification system by Perrier ''et al.'' that may be seen in radiology reports to describe the position of an adenoma.<ref name=pmid19148701>{{Cite journal | last1 = Perrier | first1 = ND. | last2 = Edeiken | first2 = B. | last3 = Nunez | first3 = R. | last4 = Gayed | first4 = I. | last5 = Jimenez | first5 = C. | last6 = Busaidy | first6 = N. | last7 = Potylchansky | first7 = E. | last8 = Kee | first8 = S. | last9 = Vu | first9 = T. | title = A novel nomenclature to classify parathyroid adenomas. | journal = World J Surg | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 412-6 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s00268-008-9894-0 | PMID = 19148701 }}</ref> | |||
===Weight=== | |||
It is common practice to weight parathyroid tissue: | |||
*Parathyroid adenoma are: 0.55 +/- 0.52 grams.<ref name=pmid15240594>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yao | first1 = K. | last2 = Singer | first2 = FR. | last3 = Roth | first3 = SI. | last4 = Sassoon | first4 = A. | last5 = Ye | first5 = C. | last6 = Giuliano | first6 = AE. | title = Weight of normal parathyroid glands in patients with parathyroid adenomas. | journal = J Clin Endocrinol Metab | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 3208-13 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2003-031184 | PMID = 15240594 }}</ref> | |||
*Normal parathyroids taken out with parathyroid adenomas are: 0.06 +/-0.03 grams.<ref name=pmid15240594/> | |||
==Microscopic== | ==Microscopic== | ||
Features | Features: | ||
*Proliferation of parathyroid cells (chief cells, oxyphils or both) lacking adipose tissue. | *Proliferation of parathyroid cells (chief cells, oxyphils or both) usually intermixed lacking adipose tissue. | ||
* | *+/-Rim of normal parathyroid gland around the lesion<ref name=Ref_BITFS191>{{Ref BITFS|191}}</ref> with adipose tissue. | ||
Note: | Note: | ||
*Generally, it is impossible to discern between [[parathyroid adenoma]]s and [[parathyroid hyperplasia]]s by histology alone.<ref name=Ref_BITFS191>{{Ref BITFS|191}}</ref> | *Generally, it is impossible to discern between [[parathyroid adenoma]]s and [[parathyroid hyperplasia]]s by histology alone.<ref name=Ref_BITFS191>{{Ref BITFS|191}}</ref> | ||
**One requires information | **One requires information on the size of the other glands to make the [[diagnosis]]. | ||
**Ideally, histologic findings should be correlated with the PTH serology. | |||
DDx: | DDx: | ||
*[[Parathyroid hyperplasia]] - differentiated by clinical history. | *[[Parathyroid hyperplasia]] - differentiated by clinical history. | ||
*[[Parathyroid carcinoma]] - destructive invasion of surrounding tissue or far away mets, increased proliferative activity. | *[[Parathyroid carcinoma]] - destructive invasion of surrounding tissue or far away mets, increased proliferative activity. | ||
*[[Lymph node]]. | |||
*[[Hürthle cell adenoma]] - for oxyphil type (see below). | |||
*[[Thyroid gland]]. | |||
===Chief cell parathyroid adenoma=== | ===Chief cell parathyroid adenoma=== | ||
| Line 99: | Line 111: | ||
*[[Hürthle cell adenoma]] of the [[thyroid gland]]. | *[[Hürthle cell adenoma]] of the [[thyroid gland]]. | ||
Image: | ====Image==== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image: Oxyphil parathyroid adenoma -- low mag.jpg | Oxyphil PA - low mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Oxyphil parathyroid adenoma -- intermed mag.jpg | Oxyphil PA - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Oxyphil parathyroid adenoma - alt -- intermed mag.jpg | Oxyphil PA - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Oxyphil parathyroid adenoma - high mag.jpg | Oxyphil PA - high mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Oxyphil parathyroid adenoma - very high mag.jpg | Oxyphil PA - very high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image: Parathyroid adenoma, mixed type -- high mag.jpg | PA, mixed type - high mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Parathyroid adenoma, mixed type -- very high mag.jpg | PA, mixed type - very high mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Parathyroid adenoma - oxyphil cells -- high mag.jpg | Oxyphil cells - high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
=====www===== | |||
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO091.jpg Parathyroid adenoma (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/enfrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/enfrm.html]. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.</ref> | *[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO091.jpg Parathyroid adenoma (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/enfrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/enfrm.html]. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.</ref> | ||
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*One should not say "negative for malignancy". | *One should not say "negative for malignancy". | ||
<pre> | |||
Parathyroid Gland (Submitted as "Right Superior Parathyroid Adenoma"), Excision: | |||
- Parathyroid adenoma with adjacent normal parathyroid tissue. | |||
</pre> | |||
===Chief cell type=== | |||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
Parathyroid Gland, Excision: | Parathyroid Gland, Excision: | ||
| Line 116: | Line 147: | ||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
===Oxyphil type=== | |||
<pre> | |||
Right Superior Parathyroid, Excision: | |||
- Consistent with parathyroid adenoma (oxyphil type) with rim of | |||
normal appearing parathyroid tissue. | |||
</pre> | |||
====Tertiary hyperparathyroidism==== | |||
<pre> | |||
A. Right Inferior Parathyroid, Excision: | |||
- Cellular parathyroid tissue with a rim of normal-appearing | |||
parathyroid tissue, compatible with parathyroid adenoma. | |||
B. Portion of Right Superior Parathyroid, Excision: | |||
- Cellular parathyroid compatible with adenoma or hyperplasia. | |||
</pre> | |||
====Unclear history==== | |||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
Submitted as "Right Inferior Parathyroid", Excision: | |||
- | - Hyperplastic appearing parathyroid tissue devoid of fat consisting of a | ||
mixture of chief cells and oncocytic cells, compatible with parathyroid | |||
adenoma in proper clinical context. | |||
- Unremarkable parathyroid tissue. | |||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
====Block letters==== | ====Block letters==== | ||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
PARATHYROID GLAND, EXCISION: | |||
- CHIEF CELL PARATHYROID ADENOMA. | - CHIEF CELL PARATHYROID ADENOMA. | ||
</pre> | </pre> | ||