Difference between revisions of "Gallbladder"

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==Cholelithiasis==
==Cholelithiasis==
*[[AKA]] ''gallstones''.
*[[AKA]] ''gallstones''.
===General===
{{Main|Cholelithiasis}}
*Often accompanies [[cholecystitis]]/contributes and/or causes cholecystitis.
*The gallbladder is removed following ''biliary pancreatitis'' ([[gallstone pancreatitis]]) to reduce recurrence risk.<ref name=pmid23181667>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bouwense | first1 = SA. | last2 = Besselink | first2 = MG. | last3 = van Brunschot | first3 = S. | last4 = Bakker | first4 = OJ. | last5 = van Santvoort | first5 = HC. | last6 = Schepers | first6 = NJ. | last7 = Boermeester | first7 = MA. | last8 = Bollen | first8 = TL. | last9 = Bosscha | first9 = K. | title = Pancreatitis of biliary origin, optimal timing of cholecystectomy (PONCHO trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. | journal = Trials | volume = 13 | issue =  | pages = 225 | month =  | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1186/1745-6215-13-225 | PMID = 23181667 }}</ref><ref name=pmid22470079>{{Cite journal  | last1 = van Baal | first1 = MC. | last2 = Besselink | first2 = MG. | last3 = Bakker | first3 = OJ. | last4 = van Santvoort | first4 = HC. | last5 = Schaapherder | first5 = AF. | last6 = Nieuwenhuijs | first6 = VB. | last7 = Gooszen | first7 = HG. | last8 = van Ramshorst | first8 = B. | last9 = Boerma | first9 = D. | title = Timing of cholecystectomy after mild biliary pancreatitis: a systematic review. | journal = Ann Surg | volume = 255 | issue = 5 | pages = 860-6 | month = May | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182507646 | PMID = 22470079 }}</ref>
 
The two types of gallstones:
*Cholesterol stones.
*Pigment stones.
 
Note:
*Most stones technically speaking are a mix, i.e. cholesterol and pigment.  Many call yellow stones that are a mix "cholesterol stones".
 
====Epidemiology====
Classic risk factors for gallstones - 4 Fs:<ref name=pmid18540184>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Szwed | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zyciński | first2 = P. | title = [4F's--still up to date risk factors of cholelithiasis]. | journal = Wiad Lek | volume = 60 | issue = 11-12 | pages = 570-3 | month =  | year = 2007 | doi =  | PMID = 18540184 }}</ref>
*'''F'''emale.
*'''F'''at.
*'''F'''orty.
*'''F'''ertile.
 
Additional:
*Family history.
 
====Cholesterol stones====
*More common than pigment stone.
 
Appearance:
*Clear or yellow.
*Opaque or translucent.
*Sometimes shinny.
 
=====Image=====
<gallery>
Image:Gallensteine_2006_03_28.JPG | Yellow gallstones. (WC)
</gallery>
====Pigment stones====
*Due to high [[RBC]] turnover, e.g. [[sickle cell disease]], thalassemia.
*Radio-opaque.<ref>URL: [http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20%28General%20Monographs-%20U%29/URSOFALK.html http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20%28General%20Monographs-%20U%29/URSOFALK.html]. Accessed on: 29 October 2011.</ref>
 
Appearance:
*Black - '''key feature'''.
*Dull.
 
===Microscopic===
*Not routinely done on gallstones.
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
GALLBLADDER CHOLECYSTECTOMY:
- CHOLELITHIASIS.
- MILD CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS.
</pre>


=Less common pathologic diagnoses=
=Less common pathologic diagnoses=
Line 125: Line 76:
*[[Gallbladder carcinoma]].
*[[Gallbladder carcinoma]].
*[[Chronic cholecystitis]] - has less muscular hypertrophy; overlaps with this diagnosis.<ref name=Ref_GLP439>{{Ref GLP|439}}</ref>
*[[Chronic cholecystitis]] - has less muscular hypertrophy; overlaps with this diagnosis.<ref name=Ref_GLP439>{{Ref GLP|439}}</ref>
*Phrygian cap.<reF>URL: [http://radiopaedia.org/articles/phrygian_cap http://radiopaedia.org/articles/phrygian_cap]. Accessed on: 16 May 2014.</ref>


Image:
====Image====
*[http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/26/3/941/F10.expansion.html Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder (radiographics.rsna.org)].<ref name=pmid16702464/>
*[http://pubs.rsna.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/rsna/journals/content/radiographics/2006/radiographics.2006.26.issue-3/rg.263055180/production/images/medium/g06ma19c05x.jpeg Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder (radiographics.rsna.org)].<ref name=pmid16702464/>
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
GALLBLADDER, CHOLECYSTECTOMY:
- CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS WITH MILD CHOLESTEROLOSIS AND ADENOMYOSIS (FUNDUS).
- CHOLELITHIASIS.
</pre>


==Gallbladder polyps==
==Gallbladder polyps==
Line 165: Line 124:
*Abbreviated ''XGC''.
*Abbreviated ''XGC''.
{{Main|Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis}}
{{Main|Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis}}
==Pancreatic heterotopia==
[[File:Gallbladder mass benign A sl 1.png|Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women]]
[[File:Gallbladder mass benign A sl 2.png|Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women]]
[[File:Gallbladder mass benign A sl 3.png|Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women]]
[[File:Gallbladder mass benign A sl 4.png|Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women]]<br>
Pancreatic heterotopia near cystic duct in 35 year old women. A. The cystic duct margin is at right; the heterotopia, at left. This cannot be a portion of the pancreas because the cystic duct margin lies proximal to the common bile duct. B. Pancreatic ducts with lobular proliferation, but without the inflammation that would usually be present were this obstruction by a gallstone. C. Nuclei of the duct and the proliferated bile ductules are bland. D. Acini are unremarkable; no pancreatic islets were seen in this case.


=Premalignant lesions=
=Premalignant lesions=
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Images:
Images:
*[http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165%282005%29129%3C386%3APPOGDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Gallbladder metaplasias (archivesofpathology.org)].<ref name=pmid15737036>{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay S, Landas SK |title=Putative precursors of gallbladder dysplasia: a review of 400 routinely resected specimens |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=386–90 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15737036 |doi= |url=http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165%282005%29129%3C386%3APPOGDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 }}</ref>
*[http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165%282005%29129%3C386%3APPOGDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Gallbladder metaplasias (archivesofpathology.org)].<ref name=pmid15737036>{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay S, Landas SK |title=Putative precursors of gallbladder dysplasia: a review of 400 routinely resected specimens |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=386–90 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15737036 |doi= |url=http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165%282005%29129%3C386%3APPOGDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 }}</ref>
===Sign out===
<pre>
Gallbladder, Cholecystectomy:
- Chronic cholecystitis with antral-type metaplasia, NEGATIVE for dysplasia.
- Cholelithiasis.
</pre>


==Gallbladder adenoma==
==Gallbladder adenoma==
:''Gallbladder dysplasia'' redirects here.
:''Gallbladder dysplasia'' is covered in ''[[gallbladder adenoma]]''.
{{Main|Gallbladder adenoma}}
 
==Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Adsay | first1 = V. | last2 = Jang | first2 = KT. | last3 = Roa | first3 = JC. | last4 = Dursun | first4 = N. | last5 = Ohike | first5 = N. | last6 = Bagci | first6 = P. | last7 = Basturk | first7 = O. | last8 = Bandyopadhyay | first8 = S. | last9 = Cheng | first9 = JD. | title = Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms (ICPN) of the gallbladder (neoplastic polyps, adenomas, and papillary neoplasms that are ≥1.0 cm): clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 123 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 1279-301 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318262787c | PMID = 22895264 }}
</ref>==
 
===General===
===General===
*Premalignant lesion.
*Probably some overlap with 'adenoma' above
*May be associated with [[familial adenomatous polyposis]] or [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]].<ref name=pmid11896229>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Levy | first1 = AD. | last2 = Murakata | first2 = LA. | last3 = Abbott | first3 = RM. | last4 = Rohrmann | first4 = CA. | title = From the archives of the AFIP. Benign tumors and tumorlike lesions of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. | journal = Radiographics | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 387-413 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 11896229 | url = http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/22/2/387.full }}</ref>
*Lesion defined as being >1cm.
*Low-grade lesions previously designated “papillary adenoma”
*High-grade lesions previously designated “noninvasive papillary carcinoma.”
*Oten arise in a background of pyloric-gland metaplasia.  
*May be associated with invasive adenocarcinoma, which should be reported as intracystic papillary neoplasm with an associated invasive carcinoma and staged.
 
*Population
**Female (F/M=2:1)
**Mean age 61
*Presentations
**Pain
**Incidental
*No particular association with gallstones.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Cell types
*Gallbladder epithelium with:
**Pancreatobiliary type
**Nuclear atypia - '''key feature'''.
**Intestinal types with goblet, Paneth, and/or serotonin-containing cells.
***Nuclear hyperchromasia.
*Architecture
***Nuclear crowding (pseudostratification) ''or'' round enlarged nuclei.
**Papillary
**+/-Goblet cells.
**Tubulopapillary
**Tubular
*Dysplasia - high or low grade


Architectural subclassification:<ref name=pmid22895264>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Adsay | first1 = V. | last2 = Jang | first2 = KT. | last3 = Roa | first3 = JC. | last4 = Dursun | first4 = N. | last5 = Ohike | first5 = N. | last6 = Bagci | first6 = P. | last7 = Basturk | first7 = O. | last8 = Bandyopadhyay | first8 = S. | last9 = Cheng | first9 = JD. | title = Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms (ICPN) of the gallbladder (neoplastic polyps, adenomas, and papillary neoplasms that are ≥1.0 cm): clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 123 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 1279-301 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318262787c | PMID = 22895264 }}</ref>
<gallery>
*Papillary ~ 45%.
Image:GallBladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm WA InvasiveAdenocarcinoma LP CTR.jpg|Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - Low power (SKB)
*Tubulopapillary ~ 30%.
Image:GallBladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm WA InvasiveAdenocarcinoma HP CTR.jpg|Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - High power (SKB)
*Tubular ~ 25%.
Image:GallBladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm WA InvasiveAdenocarcinoma HP3 CTR.jpg|Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - High power (SKB)
Image:GallBladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm WA InvasiveAdenocarcinoma HP2 CTR.jpg|Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - High power (SKB)
Image:GallBladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm WA InvasiveAdenocarcinoma MP CTR.jpg|Gall Bladder - - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - Malignant gland infiltrating stroma - High power (SKB)
Image:GallBladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm WA InvasiveAdenocarcinoma HP4 CTR.jpg|Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma -  - Malignant gland infiltrating stroma - Very high power (SKB)
Image:Gallbladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm HighGradeDysplasia LP PA.JPG|Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with high grade dysplasia - Low power (SKB)
Image:Gallbladder IntracysticPapillaryNeoplasm HighGradeDysplasia MP PA.JPG|Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with high grade dysplasia - Medium power (SKB)
</gallery>


Notes:
Notes:
*All of the gallbladder should be submitted prior to sign out to exclude non-sampled adenocarcinoma.
All of the gallbladder should be submitted prior to sign out to exclude invasive adenocarcinoma.
 
DDx:
*[[Gallbladder adenocarcinoma]].
*Reactive changes.
 
Image:
*[http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/22/2/387/F4.expansion.html Tubular adenoma, biliary type (rsna.org)].<ref name=pmid11896229/>
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
GALLBLADDER, CHOLECYSTECTOMY:
- BILIARY TYPE TUBULAR ADENOMA WITH HIGH GRADE DYSPLASIA.
- MARGINS CLEAR OF ADENOMA (NEAREST MARGIN 1.0 CM).
</pre>


=Malignant=
=Malignant=

Latest revision as of 14:06, 30 October 2017

The gallbladder, in pathology (and general surgery), is a growth industry... due to the worsening obesity epidemic.

Normal

Anatomy

  • Body.
  • Fundus.
  • Neck.

Variations:

  • Hartmann's pouch - invagination of the gallbladder wall at the origin of the cystic duct.

Image:

Histology

  • No muscularis mucosae.
  • Small amount of lymphocytes in the lamina propria.

Note:

  • As there is no muscularis mucosae, the cancer staging is different; pT1a is lamina propria invasion. pT1b is muscle layer invasion.

Image

  • Normal gallbladder - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)

Overview

Most common:

  • Cholelithiasis with cholecystitis.

Common:

  • Antral-type metaplasia.

Uncommon:

  • Intestinal metaplasia.
  • Gallbladder dysplasia.
  • Gallbladder carcinoma.

Common

Chronic cholecystitis

Main article: Chronic cholecystitis

Acute cholecystitis

Main article: Acute cholecystitis

Gallbladder cholesterolosis

Main article: Gallbladder cholesterolosis

Cholelithiasis

  • AKA gallstones.
Main article: Cholelithiasis

Less common pathologic diagnoses

Adenomyoma of the gallbladder

  • AKA gallbladder adenomyosis.
  • AKA adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder.
  • AKA gallbladder adenomyoma.

General

  • Glands in muscle.
  • Analogous to what happens in the uterus.
  • Significance - may mimic malignant tumours of the gallbladder.[2][3]
  • Uncommon.

Gross

  • Cystic spaces (Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses) - may be seen on imaging.[4][5]
  • Gallbladder wall thickening.

Microscopic

Features:[6]

  • Glands in muscularis propria of the gallbladder wall - key feature.
  • Significant muscular hypertrophy - key feature.
  • No nuclear atypia.

DDx:

Image

Sign out

GALLBLADDER, CHOLECYSTECTOMY:
- CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS WITH MILD CHOLESTEROLOSIS AND ADENOMYOSIS (FUNDUS).
- CHOLELITHIASIS.

Gallbladder polyps

General

  • Polyps are significant as they may be adenomatous, i.e. pre-cancerous.
  • These are similar to polyps found elsewhere GI tract.

Microscopic

See intestinal polyps.

Flat dysplasia:[8]

  • Nuclear changes.
    • Increased NC ratio.
    • Hyperchromasia (essential).
    • +/-Intestinal metaplasia --> goblet cells.

Gallbladder diverticulosis

General

  • Uncommon.
  • Thought to arise in the context of an outflow obstruction.[9]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Mucosal pouch penetrating the muscularis propria of the gallbladder wall - key feature.

DDx:

Sign out

GALLBLADDER, CHOLECYSTECTOMY:
- CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS WITH DIVERTICULOSIS.
- CHOLELITHIASIS.

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

  • Abbreviated XGC.
Main article: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

Pancreatic heterotopia

Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women Pancreatic heterotopia in 35 year old women
Pancreatic heterotopia near cystic duct in 35 year old women. A. The cystic duct margin is at right; the heterotopia, at left. This cannot be a portion of the pancreas because the cystic duct margin lies proximal to the common bile duct. B. Pancreatic ducts with lobular proliferation, but without the inflammation that would usually be present were this obstruction by a gallstone. C. Nuclei of the duct and the proliferated bile ductules are bland. D. Acini are unremarkable; no pancreatic islets were seen in this case.

Premalignant lesions

General

  • Metaplasia associated with carcinoma.[10]

Hypothesis:[11]

  • Antral type metaplasia --> intestinal metaplasia --> dysplasia --> carcinoma.

Intestinal metaplasia of the gallbladder

Main article: Intestinal metaplasia of the gallbladder

Antral type metaplasia

General

  • AKA pyloric metaplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, mucous gland metaplasia.[12]

Microscopic

Features:[12]

  • Columnar cells with:
    • Abundant, pale, apical mucin.
    • Small basal nucleus.
  • Cells often in nests -- below luminal surface.
  • Cells vaguely resemble foveollar epithelium of the stomach.

Notes:

  • May look similar to cells of the gallbladder neck[12] and common bile duct.[13]
    • These glandular cells are not as columnar and have less well-defined cell borders.
      • Cells with antral type metaplasia >2:1 (height:width), benign mucosal glands <2:1.

Images:

Sign out

Gallbladder, Cholecystectomy:
- Chronic cholecystitis with antral-type metaplasia, NEGATIVE for dysplasia.
- Cholelithiasis.

Gallbladder adenoma

Gallbladder dysplasia is covered in gallbladder adenoma.
Main article: Gallbladder adenoma

Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm[14]

General

  • Probably some overlap with 'adenoma' above
  • Lesion defined as being >1cm.
  • Low-grade lesions previously designated “papillary adenoma”
  • High-grade lesions previously designated “noninvasive papillary carcinoma.”
  • Oten arise in a background of pyloric-gland metaplasia.
  • May be associated with invasive adenocarcinoma, which should be reported as intracystic papillary neoplasm with an associated invasive carcinoma and staged.
  • Population
    • Female (F/M=2:1)
    • Mean age 61
  • Presentations
    • Pain
    • Incidental
  • No particular association with gallstones.

Microscopic

  • Cell types
    • Pancreatobiliary type
    • Intestinal types with goblet, Paneth, and/or serotonin-containing cells.
  • Architecture
    • Papillary
    • Tubulopapillary
    • Tubular
  • Dysplasia - high or low grade

  • Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - Low power (SKB)

  • Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - High power (SKB)

  • Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - High power (SKB)

  • Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - High power (SKB)

  • Gall Bladder - - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - Malignant gland infiltrating stroma - High power (SKB)

  • Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with Invasive Adenocarcinoma - - Malignant gland infiltrating stroma - Very high power (SKB)

  • Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with high grade dysplasia - Low power (SKB)

  • Gall Bladder - Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm with high grade dysplasia - Medium power (SKB)

Notes: All of the gallbladder should be submitted prior to sign out to exclude invasive adenocarcinoma.

Malignant

Gallbladder carcinoma

Main article: Gallbladder carcinoma

See also

References

  1. ↑ URL: http://web.uni-plovdiv.bg/stu1104541018/docs/res/skandalakis'%20surgical%20anatomy%20-%202004/Chapter%2020_%20Extrahepatic%20Biliary%20Tract%20and%20Gallbladder.htm. Accessed on: 13 December 2012.
  2. ↑ Saul, WM.; Herrmann, PK. (1988). "[Adenomyoma of the gallbladder].". Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr 48 (2): 112-6. PMID 3168899.
  3. ↑ Sasatomi, E.; Miyazaki, K.; Mori, M.; Satoh, T.; Nakano, S.; Tokunaga, O. (Oct 1997). "Polypoid adenomyoma of the gallbladder.". J Gastroenterol 32 (5): 704-7. PMID 9350002.
  4. ↑ Ching, BH.; Yeh, BM.; Westphalen, AC.; Joe, BN.; Qayyum, A.; Coakley, FV. (Jul 2007). "CT differentiation of adenomyomatosis and gallbladder cancer.". AJR Am J Roentgenol 189 (1): 62-6. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.0866. PMID 17579153.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Boscak, AR.; Al-Hawary, M.; Ramsburgh, SR.. "Best cases from the AFIP: Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder.". Radiographics 26 (3): 941-6. doi:10.1148/rg.263055180. PMID 16702464.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Iacobuzio-Donahue, Christine A.; Montgomery, Elizabeth A. (2005). Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 439. ISBN 978-0443066573.
  7. ↑ URL: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/phrygian_cap. Accessed on: 16 May 2014.
  8. ↑ Tadrous, Paul.J. Diagnostic Criteria Handbook in Histopathology: A Surgical Pathology Vade Mecum (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 172. ISBN 978-0470519035.
  9. ↑ Beilby, JO. (Aug 1967). "Diverticulosis of the gall bladder. The fundal adenoma.". Br J Exp Pathol 48 (4): 455-61. PMC 2093791. PMID 4963758. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093791/.
  10. ↑ Duarte I, Llanos O, Domke H, Harz C, Valdivieso V (September 1993). "Metaplasia and precursor lesions of gallbladder carcinoma. Frequency, distribution, and probability of detection in routine histologic samples". Cancer 72 (6): 1878–84. PMID 8364865.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mukhopadhyay S, Landas SK (March 2005). "Putative precursors of gallbladder dysplasia: a review of 400 routinely resected specimens". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 129 (3): 386–90. PMID 15737036. http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165%282005%29129%3C386%3APPOGDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Mills, Stacey E; Carter, Darryl; Greenson, Joel K; Oberman, Harold A; Reuter, Victor E (2004). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1789. ISBN 978-0781740517.
  13. ↑ Cutz, E. 3 March 2011.
  14. ↑ Adsay, V.; Jang, KT.; Roa, JC.; Dursun, N.; Ohike, N.; Bagci, P.; Basturk, O.; Bandyopadhyay, S. et al. (Sep 2012). "Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms (ICPN) of the gallbladder (neoplastic polyps, adenomas, and papillary neoplasms that are ≥1.0 cm): clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 123 cases.". Am J Surg Pathol 36 (9): 1279-301. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318262787c. PMID 22895264.
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