Small cell lymphomas

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The small cell lymphomas are a collection of commonly seen lymphomas that have a near-identical histomorphologic appearance.

The group includes:

  1. Small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  2. Follicular lymphoma.
  3. Mantle cell lymphoma.
  4. Marginal zone lymphoma (includes MALT lymphoma).
  5. Hairy cell leukemia.
  6. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID).[1]

Table of B-cell lymphoma

Small cell lymphomas:

Name Location Size of cells IHC Translocations Clinical Other
Follicular lymphoma Follicle Small, centrocytes, centroblasts CD10+, BCL6+[2] t(14;18)(q32;q21) IGH/BCL2[3] may transform into DLBCL very common
Mantle cell lymphoma mantle zone small CD5+, CD23-, CD43+, cyclin D1+[2] t(11;14)(q13;q32) BCL1/IGH[4] (also IGH/BCL1[5]) aggressive, poor prognosis[6] DDx: Castleman disease
Marginal zone lymphoma (includes MALT) marginal zone, spleen, GI tract small CD21+, CD11c+, CD5-, CD23-[2] t(11;18)(q21;q21) / API2‐MALT1, t(14;18)(q32;q21) / IGH‐MALT1, t(1;14)(p22;q32) / IGH‐BCL10[7] classical GI lymphoma subtypes: extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (AKA MALT lymphoma), SMZL, nodal marginal zone lymphoma
Precursor B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia location ? small CD10+, CD5-, TdT+, CD99+[2] t(9;22), others good prognosis (?) other ?
B cell small lymphocytic lymphoma /
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
location ? small CD5+, CD23+, CD43+, cyclin D1- trisomy 12; deletions of 11q, 13q, 17p[8] good prognosis / indolent course other ?

Medium and large cell lymphomas:

Name Location Size of cells IHC Translocations Clinical Other
Burkitt's lymphoma follicle large cells CD10, BCL6 t(8;14) (q24;q32) rapid growth "starry sky"
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma follicle (?) large 4-5X of lymphocyte MIB1 >40% none/like follicular l. poor prognosis common among lymphomas

Follicular lymphoma

General

  • A very common type of lymphoma.
  • Expresses BCL2,[9] like many other small cell lymphomas.

Microscopic

Features (lymph node):

  • Abundant abnormally-shaped lymphoid follicles - key feature - including some of the following:
    • Non-polarized mantle zone (normal mantle zone is usu. thicker at capsular aspect).
    • Non-polarized germinal center (normal germinal center has dark & light area).
    • Loss of tingible body macrophages.
    • Sinuses effaced (lost).

Note:

  • The intrafollicular component of the lymph node is compressed - follicles are often described as "kissing", as they nearly touch.
  • In bone marrow specimens the neoplastic cells classically have a paratrabecular arrangement,[10] i.e. the lymphoma cells are found adjacent to the bone spicules.

Image:

Grading

  • Grade 1-2: <= 22 centroblasts / HPF; where 1 HPF ~= 0.2376 mm^2 (22 mm eye piece @ 40X objective).
  • Grade 3A: >22 centroblasts / HPF; where 1 HPF ~= 0.2376 mm^2 (22 mm eye piece @ 40X objective).
  • Grade 3B: only centroblasts (within a nodular architecture).

Notes:

  • Significant interobserver variability.[11]
  • Grade 1 & Grade 2 lumped together.
  • One should evaluate 10 HPFs.
  • Only centroblasts without a nodular architecture is Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

The usual cut points mentioned by people with HPFitis are:[12]

  • Grade 1: 0-5 centroblasts / HPF.
  • Grade 2: 5-15 centroblasts / HPF.
  • Grade 3: >15 centroblasts / HPF.

IHC

Features:[9]

  • CD10 +ve.
  • BCL6 +ve.

Others:

  • CD5 -ve.
    • +ve in mantle cell lymphoma.
  • CD23 -ve/+ve.
    • +ve in CLL.
  • CD43 -ve.
    • +ve in mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma.
  • CD11c -ve -- flow cytometry only.
  • CD21 -ve in tumour cells; highlights follicular dendritic cells.

Image:

Molecular

  • t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-BCL2 in 70-95% of cases.[9]
    • Should not be confused with t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-MALT1 seen in MALT lymphomas.[7]

Mantle cell lymphoma

  • Abbreviated MCL.

General

  • Relatively aggressive - guarded prognosis.[6]

Microscopic

Features:[13]

  • Small monomorphic (uniform size, shape and staining) lymphoid population.
  • Abundant mitoses.
  • Scattered epithelioid histiocytes (should not be confused with tingible-body macrophages).
  • Sclerosed blood vessels.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

  • CD5 +ve.
    • Negative in case reports.[14]
  • CD43 +ve.
  • Cyclin D1 +ve.

Others:

  • CD23 -ve.
    • Positive in CLL.

Molecular

  • t(11;14)(q13;q32) / IGH-CCND1.[16]

Marginal zone lymphoma

General

Classification

  • Comes in three different flavours:
    1. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma.
      • If in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue known as a MALT lymphoma, AKA MALToma.
    2. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL).
    3. Nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL).

Microscopic

Features:

  • Small (lymphoid) cells that may be plasma cell-like (plasmacytoid):[18]
    • +/-Clockface nucleus.
    • +/-Eccentric nucleus.
  • +/-"Lymphoepithelial lesion" - gastric crypts invaded by a monomorphous population of lymphocytes.[19]
    • Features:
      1. Cluster of lymphocytes - three cells or more - key feature.
        • Single lymphocytes don't count.
      2. Clearing around the lymphocyte cluster.
    • Not specific for MALT lymphoma, i.e. may be seen in other types of lymphoma.[20]

Images:

IHC

Features:[21]

  • CD20 +ve.
  • BCL2 +ve.
  • CD21 +ve.
  • CD11c +ve (flow cytometry or laser scanning cytometry - only; not available for paraffin).
  • CD43 +ve/-ve.

Others:

  • CD5 -ve.
  • CD10 -ve.
  • CD23 -ve.

Molecular

There are several associated with MALT lymphoma:[7]

  • t(11;18)(q21;q21) / API2‐MALT1[22] - most common translocation in MALT lymphoma.[23]
  • t(14;18)(q32;q21) / IGH‐MALT1.
  • t(1;14)(p22;q32) / IGH‐BCL10.

The MALT1 associated translocations can be assessed with an ISH break apart probe for MALT1.

Hairy cell leukemia

  • Abbreviated HCL.

General

  • Name comes from appearance on blood smear - cell hairy.
  • Do to the biology, dry taps are common.[24]

Clinical:[25]

  • Pancytopenia.
  • Splenic enlargement.
  • No lymphadenopathy.
  • Good prognosis (with treatment), though (likely) not curable.

Gross

Features:[17]

  • Huge beefy red spleen.
    • Red as white pulp obliterated.

Microscopic

Features:[26]

  • Small cells (10-20 micrometers) with "Fried egg"-like appearance:
    • Well-demarcated fuzzy cell borders,
    • Clear/whispy cytoplasm and,
    • Central round nucleus.
      • Peri-nuclear clearing ("water-clear rim"[27]) -- key feature.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[28]

  • CD20 +ve, CD25 +ve, CD103 +ve.
  • CD5 -ve.

Flow cytometry:

  • CD19 +ve, CD11c +ve, FMC7 +ve.

B cell small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia

  • Abbreviated CLL and SLL.

General

  • Very common.
  • Good prognosis.

Richter's transformation

  • CLL/SLL may under go a Richter's transformation into a high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), e.g. DLBCL:[29]
    • Incidence of transformation <5%.
    • Prognosis < 1 year.

Microscopic

Features in a lymph node:[30]

  • Mixed population of lymphoid cells with "proliferation centers" - key feature:
    1. Larger cells (~ 1.5x the size of resting lymphocyte ~ 12-15 micrometers):
      • Nucleoli.
      • Form (nodular) collections.
    2. Small dark cells (~ size of resting lymphocyte ~ 8-10 micrometers):
      • Predominant population.
      • Lack nucleolus.

Images:

IHC

  • CD20 +ve.
  • CD5 +ve.
  • CD23 +ve -- occasionally negative.[31]
  • CD43 +ve.

Others:

  • Cyclin D1 -ve.

Molecular

Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia

General

  • Good prognosis.
  • Paediatric - usu. <6 years old.

Microscopic

Features:[32]

  • High mitotic rate.
  • "Starry sky" pattern.
  • Small nucleoli.

IHC

Features:[2]

  • CD10 +ve, TdT +ve, CD99 +ve.
  • CD5 -ve.

Molecular

Subclassification based on molecular abnormalities (translocations, rearrangements):[33]

  • t(9;22) / BCR-ABL.
  • t(1;19) / E2A-PBX1.
  • t(12;21) / ETV-CBFalpha.
  • MLL rearrangement.

Precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia

General

  • Prognosis poor. (???)

Microscopic

Features:

  • Small lymphoid cells. (???)

IHC

Features:[34]

  • TdT +ve, CD34 +ve, CD99 +ve, CD1a +ve/-ve.
  • TIA1 -ve.

See also

References

  1. Al-Saleem T, Al-Mondhiry H (March 2005). "Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID): a model for mature B-cell neoplasms". Blood 105 (6): 2274–80. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-07-2755. PMID 15542584. http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/long/105/6/2274.>
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Lester, Susan Carole (2005). Manual of Surgical Pathology (2nd ed.). Saunders. pp. 95. ISBN 978-0443066450.
  3. Yanai, S.; Nakamura, S.; Takeshita, M.; Fujita, K.; Hirahashi, M.; Kawasaki, K.; Kurahara, K.; Sakai, Y. et al. (Dec 2010). "Translocation t(14;18)/IGH-BCL2 in gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma: correlation with clinicopathologic features in 48 patients.". Cancer. doi:10.1002/cncr.25811. PMID 21192062.
  4. URL: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Anomalies/t1114ID2021.html. Accessed on: 10 August 2010.
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  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bacon CM, Du MQ, Dogan A (April 2007). "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma: a practical guide for pathologists". J. Clin. Pathol. 60 (4): 361–72. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.031146. PMC 2001121. PMID 16950858. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2001121/.
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