Olfactory neuroblastoma

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Olfactory neuroblastoma, also known as esthesioneuroblastoma, is a rare aggressive tumour of the head and neck.

Olfactory neuroblastoma
Diagnosis in short

Olfactory neuroblastoma

LM

small round (blue) cell tumour (stippled chromatin, high NC ratio),

+/-Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette (rosette with empty centre), +/-Fibrillary, eosinophilic material (neuropil-like)
LM DDx other small round blue cell tumours (e.g. small cell carcinoma of the lung), large cell lymphoma (e.g. DLBCL), basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
Prevalence rare
Prognosis poor

Neuroblastoma is dealt with in the neuroblastoma article.

General

Epidemiology:[1]

  • Prognosis: poor.
  • Wide age range with bimodal distribution - teens and 60s.
  • No sex predilection.

Clinical presentation:[1]

  • Nasal obstruction ~ 70%.
  • Epistaxis ~ 50%.
  • Anosmia.
  • Headache.

Gross

  • Arises from olfactory mucosa - upper nasal cavity.[2]

Microscopic

Features:[1]

  • Small round (blue) cell tumour with:
    • Stippled chromatin.
    • High NC ratio.
  • +/-Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette - rosette with empty centre (donut hole).
  • +/-Fibrillary, eosinophilic material (neuropil-like).[2]

DDx:

Images:

IHC

  • Neuroendocrine markers:[4]
    • CD56 +ve.
    • Synaptophysin +ve.
    • Chromogranin A +ve.
    • NSE +ve.
      • Lower expression of neuroendocrine markers in IDH2 mutant tumors.[citation needed]
  • S-100:
    • Small round cells -ve.
    • Sustentacular cells +ve.
      • Neuronal ONB subtype is enriched for the presence of S100 sustentacular cells.

Others:

  • CD45 -ve (r/o lymphoma).
  • AE1/AE3 usually -ve (~1/3 are +ve[4]).
  • CAM5.2 usu. -ve -- up to 35% +ve.[2]
    • Higher expression of cytokeratins in IDH2 mutant tumors.

Molecular

  • Two major subgroups.[5][6]
    • Classical ("neural").
    • Basal: G-CIMP+ve with frequent IDH2 R172 mutations.

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Thompson, LD. (Sep 2009). "Olfactory neuroblastoma.". Head Neck Pathol 3 (3): 252-9. doi:10.1007/s12105-009-0125-2. PMC 2811627. PMID 20596981. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811627/.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 41. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case467.html. Accessed on: 21 January 2012.
  4. 4.0 4.1 "A Review on Esthesioneuroblastoma". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 74 (Suppl 2): 1584–1590. October 2022. doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02726-2. PMC 9702120. PMID 36452592. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9702120/.
  5. Capper, D.; Engel, NW.; Stichel, D.; Lechner, M.; Glöss, S.; Schmid, S.; Koelsche, C.; Schrimpf, D. et al. (08 2018). "DNA methylation-based reclassification of olfactory neuroblastoma.". Acta Neuropathol 136 (2): 255-271. doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1854-7. PMID 29730775.
  6. Classe, M.; Yao, H.; Mouawad, R.; Creighton, CJ.; Burgess, A.; Allanic, F.; Wassef, M.; Leroy, X. et al. (10 2018). "Integrated Multi-omic Analysis of Esthesioneuroblastomas Identifies Two Subgroups Linked to Cell Ontogeny.". Cell Rep 25 (3): 811-821.e5. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.047. PMID 30332658.