Langerhans cell histiocytosis

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis, abbreviated LCH, is a rare disorder of tissue macrophages. It broadly fits into the category of histiocytoses. It used to known as eosinophilic granuloma.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis. H&E stain. (WC/Nephron)

It has been referred to by several eponyms - Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease or Letterer-Siwe disease, and histiocytosis X.

This article deals with LCH in general. A separate article exists for pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

General

Overview

LCH is really four (or three) diseases (depending on how one classifies it) - that happen to share the same histology:[1][2]

Disease Other name(s) Prognosis Demographic Location Risks/cause
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis Eosinophilic granuloma good with smoking cessation adults - smokers lung only; typically upper lung field due to smoking
Multifocal multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis multisystem LCH, Letterer-Siwe disease outcome dependent on organ involved,[3] natural history 2 year survival, 50% five year survival with treatment usu. children < 2 years old, rarely adults[4] multiple systems (skin, spleen, liver, lung, bone marrow) possibly genetic ‡
Unifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis † Eosinophilic granuloma may spontaneously regress, may cure with surgery children (?) bone only possibly genetic ‡
Multifocal unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis † multifocal LCH, eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome = bone defect, diabetes insipidus & exopthalmos may spontaneously regress, may cure with surgery (?) children (?) usu. bone; may be in: skin, lungs, stomach possibly genetic ‡

Note:

  • † Robbins lumps these groups together.
  • ‡ Incompletely understood. Somatic BRAF mutations identified in approximately half of the individuals.[5][6]

Clinical presentation

Features - dependent on subtype:[1]

  • May present with fever, anemia, bone pain, bone fracture, diabetes insipidus, exophthalmos.
  • Can be an incidental finding.

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • Langerhans cells histiocytes - key feature.
    • Clusters of cells (histiocytes) with a reniform (kidney-shaped) nucleus and abundant foamy cytoplasm.
      • Nucleus may look like a "coffee bean", i.e. have nuclear grooves (similar to those in papillary thyroid carcinoma) -- appearance dependent on the rotation of the nucleus.[7] May be called "buttock cells".
      • Chromatin pattern: fine granular, light gray.
  • +/-Eosinophils - often prominent.
  • +/-Fibrosis - common.
  • +/-Other inflammatory cells - neutrophils, plasma cells (uncommon).
  • +/-Multinucleated giant cells - uncommon.

DDx:

Images

  • LCH - very low mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • LCH - low mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • LCH - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • LCH - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)

www

IHC

  • CD1a +ve.
  • S100 +ve.
  • CD207 (AKA Langerin) +ve.[8]

Molecular

  • Commonly have BRAF mutations ~ 40-70% of cases.[9]
    • The V600E mutation is the most common BRAF mutation.[10]
    • MAP2K1 mutations are often found in the cases without BRAF mutations.[9][11]

Electron microscopy

Etiology:

  • Cell membrane invagination.[12]

Appearance:

  • Electron dense, cytoplasmic tennis racket-like body.

Images:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 338-9. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chhabra, UD.; Desai, SS.; Jambhekar, NA. (Jul 2004). "Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: a clinicopathological study of 50 cases.". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 47 (3): 370-6. PMID 16295427.
  3. ↑ Minkov, M. (Apr 2011). "Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: current treatment and future directions.". Paediatr Drugs 13 (2): 75-86. doi:10.2165/11538540-000000000-00000. PMID 21351807.
  4. ↑ Garg, A.; Kumar, P. (Jan 2012). "Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adult.". Indian J Dermatol 57 (1): 58-60. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.92683. PMID 22470214.
  5. ↑ Badalian-Very, G.; Vergilio, JA.; Degar, BA.; MacConaill, LE.; Brandner, B.; Calicchio, ML.; Kuo, FC.; Ligon, AH. et al. (Sep 2010). "Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.". Blood 116 (11): 1919-23. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-04-279083. PMID 20519626.
  6. ↑ Badalian-Very, G.; Vergilio, JA.; Degar, BA.; Rodriguez-Galindo, C.; Rollins, BJ. (Jan 2012). "Recent advances in the understanding of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.". Br J Haematol 156 (2): 163-72. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08915.x. PMID 22017623.
  7. ↑ BN. 15 March 2011.
  8. ↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 604862
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Alayed, K.; Medeiros, LJ.; Patel, KP.; Zuo, Z.; Li, S.; Verma, S.; Galbincea, J.; Cason, RC. et al. (Feb 2016). "BRAF and MAP2K1 mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a study of 50 cases.". Hum Pathol. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.029. PMID 26980021.
  10. ↑ Tatsuno, M.; Shioda, Y.; Iwafuchi, H.; Yamazaki, S.; Iijima, K.; Takahashi, C.; Ono, H.; Uchida, K. et al. (2016). "BRAF V600 mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis with a simple and unique assay.". Diagn Pathol 11 (1): 39. doi:10.1186/s13000-016-0489-z. PMID 27094161.
  11. ↑ Chakraborty, R.; Hampton, OA.; Shen, X.; Simko, SJ.; Shih, A.; Abhyankar, H.; Lim, KP.; Covington, KR. et al. (Nov 2014). "Mutually exclusive recurrent somatic mutations in MAP2K1 and BRAF support a central role for ERK activation in LCH pathogenesis.". Blood 124 (19): 3007-15. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-05-577825. PMID 25202140.
  12. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case147/micro.html. Accessed on: 7 January 2012.
  13. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case298.html. Accessed on: 14 January 2012.
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