Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

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Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, abbreviated PAP, in an uncommon medical lung disease.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Diagnosis in short

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. H&E stain.
LM acellular eosinophilic crap in the alveoli with "dense bodies" or "chatter" (represent dead macrophages)
LM DDx pulmonary edema, pneumocystis pneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage (acute)
Stains PAS +ve
IHC surfactant +ve
EM lamellar bodies
Site lung - see medical lung diseases
Associated Dx +/-hematologic malignancy
Clinical history +/-infection
Signs decreased oxygen saturation
Prevalence uncommon
Blood work anti-GM-CSF antibodies, LDH elevated
Radiology airspace disease, "crazy paving"
Prognosis benign

General

  • Associated with smoking - particularily in men.[1]

Pathophysiology:

  • GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor) signaling in macrophages/lack of GM-CSF.
    • GM-CSF is required by alveolar macrophages to clear surfactant.

Classification:[1]

  1. Congenital:
      • Abnormal surfactant.
      • GM-CSF receptor defect.
  2. Secondary:
    • Infections.
    • Haematologic malignancy.
  3. Acquired:
    • Dusts - interfere with macrophage function.

Clinical:

  • Dyspnea & cough - gradual onset.
  • Anti-GM-CSF antibodies - usually.[2]
  • Serum LDH elevated.[2][3]
  • Decreased oxygen saturation.

Radiology

Microscopic

Features:

  • Crap in the alveoli:
  • "Dense bodies" - dead macrophages ("Chatter" in the alveoli).
    • Edema - has pink stuff in the alveoli like PAP but no dense bodies.

DDx - may mimic:[4]

Images

www:

  • PAP - low mag. (WC)

  • PAP - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • PAP - high mag. (WC)

  • PAP - very high mag. (WC)

  • PAP - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • PAP - very high mag. (WC)

Images of DDx:

Stains

  • PAS +ve -- material in airspace (surfactant).[6]

IHC

  • Surfactant +ve.[7]

EM

  • Lamellar bodies.[8]

Note:

  • Lamellar bodies are also seen in secreting adenocarcinoma, obstructive pneumonitis.

Sign out

LUNG, RIGHT UPPER LOBE (ABNORMAL AREA ON CT), WEDGE RESECTION:
- PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS, SEE COMMENT.
- NO SIGNIFICANT INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS.
- NO SIGNIFICANT INFLAMMATION.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.

Micro

Sections show lung with eosinophilic material in the airspaces. Focally, small (~20 micrometres), more dense appearing, bodies are also in the airspace. The alveolar walls are within normal limits. No significant inflammation is identified. No microorganisms are seen with routine stains. There is no pulmonary hemorrhage.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Trapnell BC, Whitsett JA, Nakata K (December 2003). "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (26): 2527-39. doi:10.1056/NEJMra023226. PMID 14695413. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/349/26/2527.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lin, FC.; Chang, GD.; Chern, MS.; Chen, YC.; Chang, SC. (Jun 2006). "Clinical significance of anti-GM-CSF antibodies in idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.". Thorax 61 (6): 528-34. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.054171. PMID 16517574.
  3. ↑ Bhattacharyya, D.; Barthwal, MS.; Katoch, CD.; Rohatgi, MG.; Hasnain, S.; Rai, SP.; Arora, A. (Jan 2013). "Primary alveolar proteinosis - A report of two cases.". Med J Armed Forces India 69 (1): 90-3. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.02.016. PMID 24532945.
  4. ↑ Leslie, Kevin O.; Wick, Mark R. (2004). Practical Pulmonary Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 248. ISBN 978-0443066313.
  5. ↑ Leslie KO (May 2009). "My approach to interstitial lung disease using clinical, radiological and histopathological patterns". J. Clin. Pathol. 62 (5): 387–401. doi:10.1136/jcp.2008.059782. PMC 2668105. PMID 19398592. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668105/.
  6. ↑ Ben-Dov, I.; Segel, MJ. (Jan 2014). "Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: Clinical course and diagnostic criteria.". Autoimmun Rev. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.046. PMID 24424195.
  7. ↑ Albores, J.; Seki, A.; Fishbein, MC.; Abtin, F.; Lynch, JP.; Wang, T.; Weigt, SS. (Jun 2013). "A rare occurrence of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis after lung transplantation.". Semin Respir Crit Care Med 34 (3): 431-8. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1348472. PMID 23821516.
  8. ↑ Luo, BF.; Li, HP.; Yi, XH.; Tao, JW.; Lü, HJ.; Fang, X.; Zhang, ZM.; Zhang, L. et al. (Dec 2012). "[The ultrastructural features of sputum deposition and its value in the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis].". Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 35 (12): 887-91. PMID 23328177.
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