Adrenocortical carcinoma

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Adrenocortical carcinoma
Diagnosis in short

Adrenocortical carcinoma. H&E stain.
Synonyms adrenal cortical carcinoma
LM see below - various criteria, dependent on adult vs pediatric
IHC vimentin +ve, melan A +ve, inhibin-alpha +ve, chromogranin A -ve, EMA -ve, S-100 -ve
Site adrenal gland - cortex
Syndromes Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Prevalence uncommon
Radiology adrenal mass, typically large
Prognosis poor
Clin. DDx renal cell carcinoma, other abdominal masses
Treatment surgical excision if feasible

Adrenocortical carcinoma, abbreviated ACC, is a malignant tumour of the adrenal gland cortex.

It is also known as adrenal cortical carcinoma.

General

  • Prognosis poor, especially in adults.

Epidemiology:

Gross

  • +/-Encapsulated.
  • Necrotic-appearing.

Image:

  • ACC - cytology (WC/AFIP)

Microscopic

Various criteria exist for this diagnosis. The most widely used is the Weiss criteria, which is a big long clunker.

Notes:

  • Tumour may contain fat.[2]

Images

  • ACC - low mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ACC - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ACC - high mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ACC with normal adrenal medulla - high mag.

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - Low power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - Sheeting (diffuse architecture) - Low power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - Medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - Medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - Medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - Medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - anaplasia - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - necrosis - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - medium power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma, high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma, high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma, high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - necrosis - high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - Sheeting (diffuse architecture) - high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - high power (SKB)

  • Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma - high power (SKB)

www:

Adult

Weiss criteria

Three of the following:[3]

  1. High nuclear grade.
  2. High mitotic rate; >5/50 HPF (@ 40X obj.) - definition suffers from HPFitis.
  3. Atypical mitoses.
  4. Cleared cytoplasm in >= 25% of tumour cells.
  5. Sheeting (diffuse architecture) in >= 1/3 of tumour cells.
  6. Necrosis in nests.
  7. Venous invasion.
  8. Adrenal sinusoid invasion; lymphovascular space invasion within the adrenal gland.
  9. Capsular invasion.

Volante criteria

There is a simplified set of criteria by Volante et al. - that is not widely used:[4]

  • Reticular network disruption (with reticulin staining).
  • One of the three following:
    1. Abundant mitoses >5/50 high-power fields - definition suffers from HPFitis.
    2. Necrosis.
    3. Vascular invasion.

Pediatric

The criteria in the pediatric setting are somewhat different. This is discussed by Wieneke et al.[5] and Dehner and Hill.[6]

Dehner and Hill propose a very simple system:[6]

  • "Low risk" < 200 g & confined to the adrenal.
  • "Intermediate risk" 200-400 g, no mets, +/-microscopic disease outside adrenal.
  • "High risk" >400 g, or mets, or gross invasion of adjacent structures.

IHC

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • Melan A +ve.
  • Inhibin-alpha +ve.
  • Cytokeratins +ve/-ve.

Others:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1157. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  2. ↑ Heye S, Woestenborghs H, Van Kerkhove F, Oyen R (2005). "Adrenocortical carcinoma with fat inclusion: case report". Abdom Imaging 30 (5): 641–3. doi:10.1007/s00261-004-0281-5. PMID 15688105.
  3. ↑ Jain M, Kapoor S, Mishra A, Gupta S, Agarwal A (2010). "Weiss criteria in large adrenocortical tumors: a validation study". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 53 (2): 222–6. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.64325. PMID 20551521.
  4. ↑ Volante M, Bollito E, Sperone P, et al. (November 2009). "Clinicopathological study of a series of 92 adrenocortical carcinomas: from a proposal of simplified diagnostic algorithm to prognostic stratification". Histopathology 55 (5): 535–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03423.x. PMID 19912359.
  5. ↑ Wieneke JA, Thompson LD, Heffess CS (July 2003). "Adrenal cortical neoplasms in the pediatric population: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic analysis of 83 patients". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 27 (7): 867–81. PMID 12826878.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dehner LP, Hill DA (2009). "Adrenal cortical neoplasms in children: why so many carcinomas and yet so many survivors?". Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 12 (4): 284–91. doi:10.2350/08-06-0489.1. PMID 19326954.
  7. ↑ Unger P, Hoffman K, Pertsemlidis D, Thung S, Wolfe D, Kaneko M (May 1991). "S100 protein-positive sustentacular cells in malignant and locally aggressive adrenal pheochromocytomas". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 115 (5): 484–7. PMID 1673596.
  8. ↑ Sangoi, AR.; Fujiwara, M.; West, RB.; Montgomery, KD.; Bonventre, JV.; Higgins, JP.; Rouse, RV.; Gokden, N. et al. (May 2011). "Immunohistochemical distinction of primary adrenal cortical lesions from metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a study of 248 cases.". Am J Surg Pathol 35 (5): 678-86. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182152629. PMID 21490444.
  9. ↑ Mete, O.; Kapran, Y.; Güllüoğlu, MG.; Kiliçaslan, I.; Erbil, Y.; Senyürek, YG.; Dizdaroğlu, F. (May 2010). "Anti-CD10 (56C6) is expressed variably in adrenocortical tumors and cannot be used to discriminate clear cell renal cell carcinomas.". Virchows Arch 456 (5): 515-21. doi:10.1007/s00428-010-0901-0. PMID 20390424.

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