Lymphoma

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Lymphoma is almost a specialty for itself. It can be subclassified a number of ways.

This article is an introduction to lymphoma. An introduction to lymph nodes and lymph node pathology that is not lymphoma are in the articles lymph node and lymph node pathology.

Lymphoma classification

Lymphomas can be divided into:

  • Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).

Other categorizations:

  • T cell lymphomas (rare).
  • B cell lymphomas (more common).

Two most common NHLs:

  • Follicular lymphoma (FL).
  • Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

Leukemia as a med student

  • Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) - predominantly in smALL people, i.e. children.
  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
  • Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) - relatively good prognosis.

Histologic classification

  1. "Size".
  2. Nodularity.

"Size"

  • The single most important factor for classifying lymphomas.
  • Not really based on size.
"Large" "Small" Utility
Nucleoli present absent most discriminative
Size >2x RBC dia. <2x RBC dia. moderate
Chromatin pattern "open" (pale) "closed" moderate/minimal
Cytoplasm mold-minimal
basophilic cytoplasm 		scant cytoplasm minimal

Histologic terms

  • Lymphomas = cells look discohesive, may be difficult to differentiate from poor differentiated carcinoma.
  • Auer rods = Acute myeloid leukemia.
    • Granular cytoplasmic rod (0.5-1 x4-6 micrometres).
  • Reed-Sternberg cells = Hodgkin's lymphoma.
    • Large cell - very large nucleus.
      • Classically binucleated.
  • Russell bodies = Plasmacytoma (+others).
    • Eosinophilic, large, homogenous immunoglobulin-containing inclusions.[1]
      • Mott cell is a cell that contains Russell bodies.[1]
  • Effacement of nodal architecture.
  • Loss of proliferation centers.

IHC

General

  • CD45.
    • AKA common lymphocyte antigen.
    • Useful to differentiate from carcinomas (e.g. small cell carcinoma).

T cell markers

  • CD2 -- T cell marker (all T cells).
  • CD3 -- T cell marker (all T cells).
    • CD4 -- subset of T cells.
    • CD8 -- subset of T cells.
  • CD7 -- often lost first in T cell lymphomas.
  • CD5 -- +ve in CLL & mantle cell lymphoma.
  • CD43 -- +ve in mantle cell lymphoma
  • Alk1.
  • TIA1.[2]
  • Granzyme B.

B cell markers

  • CD10 -- follicle center.
  • BCL6 -- follicle center.
  • BCL2 -- small B cell lymphomas; T cell marker.
  • MUM1.

Follicular dendritic cells

  • CD23 -- follicular dendritic cells.
  • CD21 -- follicular dendritic cells.

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Classic
  • CD30 -- Hodgkin's lymphoma (most sensitive).
  • CD15.

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Main article: Hodgkin's lymphoma

General

  • Abbreviated HL.

Microscopic

By definition, HL has Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs).

Classical HL

Features (classic HL):

  • Reed-Sternberg cell.
    • Large binucleated cell.
      • May be multinucleated.
      • May have a horseshoe-like shape.
    • Macronucleolus - approximately the size of a RBC (~8 micrometers).
    • Well-defined cell border.

Notes:

  • Large mononuclear cells are common (so called "mononuclear RSCs") but not diagnostic.

Images (classic HL):

Subtypes

There are four CHL subtypes:[4]

  1. Nodular sclerosis CHL - ~70% of CHL.
    • Mixed cellular background - T cell, plasma cells, eosinophils, neutrophils and histiocytes.
    • Nodular sclerosing fibrosis - thick strands fibrosis.
  2. Mixed cellularity CHL - ~20-25% of CHL.
    • Like nodular sclerosis - but no fibrosis.
    • May be associated with HIV infection.[5]
  3. Lymphocyte-rich CHL - rare.
    • T lymphocytes only (no mix of cells).
  4. Lymphocyte-depleted CHL - rare.
    • May be associated with HIV infection.[5]

Memory device:

  • The subtypes prevalence is in reverse alphabetical order.

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL

Features (nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma):

  • Popcorn cell (previously known as Lymphocytic & histiocytic cell (L&H cell)[6]) - variant of RSC:
    • Cells (relatively) small (compared to classic RSCs).
    • Lobulated nucleus - key feature.
    • Small nucleoli.
  • Subtle nodularity at low power (2.5x or 5x objective).

Images (NLPHL):

Follicular lymphoma

Main article: Small cell lymphomas

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Main article: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

General

  • Abbreviated DLBCL.

Microscopic

Features:[7]

  • Large cells -- 4-5 times the diameter of a small lymphocytes.
  • Typically have marked cell-to-cell variation in size and shape.
  • Cytoplasm usu. basophilic and moderate in abundance.
  • +/-Prominent nucleoli, may be peripheral and/or multiple.

Notes:

  • Large bizarre cells can occasionally mimic Reed-Sternberg cells, seen in Hodgkin lymphoma.

Burkitt's lymphoma

Main article: Burkitt lymphoma

General

  • Abbreviated BL.
  • Subtyped by etiology.

Microscopic

Features:

  • "Starry-sky pattern":
    • The stars in the pattern are: tingible-body macrophages.
      • Tingible-body macrophages = macrophages containing apoptotic tumour cells.
    • The tumour cells are the sky.
  • Tumour cells:[8]
    • Medium-sized (~1.5-2x the size of a RBC) with uniform size ("monotonous") -- key feature.
    • Round nucleus.
    • Small nucleoli.
    • Relatively abundant cytoplasm.
    • Brisk mitotic rate.

Image: Starry-sky pattern - Ed Uthman (WC).

Plasmacytoma

General

  • AKA plasma cell myleoma.
  • Malignancy derived from the plasma cells.
  • Histologic component of multiple myeloma; to diagnose multiple myeloma other (non-pathology) criteria are needed.
  • Prognosis: poor.

Microscopic

Features:

Images:

DDx:

  • Neuroendocrine carcinoma - nucleus often has a plasmacytoid (plasma cell-like) appearance.

Acute myeloid leukemia

General

  • May afflicits young adult.
  • Males>females.

Complications

  • Chloroma - soft tissue mass.
  • Leukostasis.
    • Occurs - lungs and brain.[10]
  • Hyperviscosity syndrome.
  • Spontaneous bleeding with low platelet counts.

Classification

There are two classifications:

  1. FAB (French-American-British) - based on histologic appearance/maturation.
  2. WHO classification.

Histology

Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma

General

  • Abbreviated EATL.
  • AKA enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma (ETTL).
  • T cell lymphoma due to celiac disease.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Epithelium preserved.
  • Small lymphoid cells in the mucosa and submucosa.

Image: EATL (WC).

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Microscopic

Features:

  • Clear cytoplasm.
  • "Empty" sinus; subcapsular sinuses "open".

IHC

  • CD7 -ve.
  • CD20 +ve.
  • TIA-1 -ve.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

General

  • Abbreviated ALCL.
  • May look a lot like a carcinoma.
    • Often subcapsular in LNs.
  • Usually T-cell derived.
  • Alk IHC:
    • +ve = good prognosis.
    • -ve = bad prognosis.

DDx:

  • Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Large cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm.
  • Usu. appear cohesive.
  • May be subcapsular.
  • Large multinucleated cell - "wreath cell" - key feature.

IHC

Features:

  • Variable CD30 +ve. (???)
  • CD45 +ve. (???)

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma

  • Abbreviated as CTCL.
    • Sézary syndrome is a subset of CTCL.

Microscopic

Features:[12]

  • Cerebriform nucleus (Sézary cell):[13]
    • Hyperchromatic.
    • "Convoluted" = twisted, coiled.[14]

Images:

Table of lymphoma

B cell lymphomas

Name Size of cells Site Histomorphology IHC Translocations Clinical Prevalence DDx
Follicular lymphoma small (centrocytes) lymph node, germinal center abundant atypical follicles (lack GC polarity, lack polar mantle zone), effaced sinuses, scattered large cells (centroblasts) CD10+, bcl-6+[15] t(14,18) usually indolent, may transform to DLBCL very common DLBCL, other small cell lymphomas
Mantle cell lymphoma small, monomorphic lymph node, mantle zone monomorphic lymphoid, abundant mitoses. +/-scattered epithelioid histiocytes, sclerosed blood vessels CD5+, CD23-, CD43+, cyclin D1+[15] t(11;14)(q13;q32)[16] indolent ??? uncommon other small cell lymphomas, PTGC, Castleman disease, Burkitt's lymphoma
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) small mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, GI tract + elsewhere +/- lymphepithelial lesion (cluster of 3+ cells in epithelium) CD21+, CD11c+, CD5-, CD23-[15] ??? indolent ??? common other small cell lymphomas, neuroendocrine tumours
Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/ leukemia small lymph node ??? ??? CD10+, CD5-, TdT+, CD99+[15] translocations ??? aggressive ??? uncommon small cell lymphomas
Burkitt's lymphoma medium, monomorphic lymph node, germinal center (???) tingible-body macrophages ("starry sky" appearance), round nucleus, small nucleoli, mitoses +++ CD10+, BCL6+, BCL2- t(8;14) (q24;q32) rapid growth, may be associated with EBV, HIV/AIDS uncommon DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma large cells (>2x RBC, often larger), variable size lymph node usually, germinal center sheets of large discohesive cells; if only nodular = follicular lymphoma MIB-1 >40% none / like follicular lymphoma t(14,18) / c-MYC (like Burkitt lymphoma) poor prognosis very common Burkitt lymphoma, ALCL, Hodgkin lymphoma

T cell lymphomas

Name Size of cells Site Histomorphology IHC Translocations Clinical Prevalence DDx
Angioimmunoblastic lymphoma size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? IHC ? translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?
Enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? IHC ? translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?
Precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma / leukemia size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? IHC ? translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?
Adult T-cell lymphoma / leukemia size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? IHC ? translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?
Peripheral T cell lymphoma (NOS) size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? TIA-1+ translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? CD30+/-, Alk+/- translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?
Extranodal NK / T cell lymphoma nasal type size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? EBER+, CD16+, CD56+, CD57-, TIA-1+, Granzyme B+ translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?
Blastic NK cell lymphoma size of cells ? site ? histomorphology ? IHC ? translocations ? clinical ? prevalence ? DDx ?

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Alanen A, Pira U, Lassila O, Roth J, Franklin RM (March 1985). "Mott cells are plasma cells defective in immunoglobulin secretion". Eur. J. Immunol. 15 (3): 235–42. PMID 3979421.
  2. ↑ URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/603518. Accessed on: 18 August 2010.
  3. ↑ URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/167414. Accessed on: 18 August 2010.
  4. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 567. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sissolak G, Sissolak D, Jacobs P (April 2010). "Human immunodeficiency and Hodgkin lymphoma". Transfus. Apher. Sci. 42 (2): 131–9. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2010.01.008. PMID 20138008.
  6. ↑ Küppers R, Rajewsky K, Braeuninger A, Hansmann ML (March 1998). "L&H cells in lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (11): 763–4; author reply 764–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199803123381113. PMID 9499174.
  7. ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 676 (???). ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  8. ↑ Bellan C, Lazzi S, De Falco G, Nyongo A, Giordano A, Leoncini L (March 2003). "Burkitt's lymphoma: new insights into molecular pathogenesis". J. Clin. Pathol. 56 (3): 188–92. PMC 1769902. PMID 12610094. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12610094.
  9. ↑ URL: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dutcher+bodies+in+chronic+synovitis-a083551789. Accessed on: 4 August 2010.
  10. ↑ AML. Harrison's 16th Ed.
  11. ↑ AG. 8 July, 2009.
  12. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/209091-overview. Accessed on: 19 August 2010.
  13. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204529-diagnosis. Accessed on: 19 August 2010.
  14. ↑ URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/convoluted. Accessed on: 19 August 2010.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lester, Susan Carole (2005). Manual of Surgical Pathology (2nd ed.). Saunders. pp. 95. ISBN 978-0443066450.
  16. ↑ URL: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Anomalies/t1114ID2021.html. Accessed on: 10 August 2010.
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