Difference between revisions of "Non-invasive breast carcinoma"

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(→‎Ductal neoplasia: change hierarchy)
(re-arr. rm text duplicated in tabular form)
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=Ductal neoplasia=
=Ductal neoplasia=
==Overview==
This category includes:
This category includes:
#Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH).
#Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH).
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#The degree of '''nuclear atypia'''; high grade is DCIS.
#The degree of '''nuclear atypia'''; high grade is DCIS.
#The '''extent'''; small lesions are ADH, large lesions (low-grade) DCIS.
#The '''extent'''; small lesions are ADH, large lesions (low-grade) DCIS.
==Is it ductal neoplasia?==
===FEHUT versus ADH versus DCIS===
*Breast duct lumen with too many cells; this is common problem is breast pathology.<ref name=Ref_BP167-8>{{Ref BP|167-8}}</ref> 
**The general DDx for this scenario is: ''EHUT'' versus ''ADH'' versus ''DCIS''.
Notes:
*EHUT = epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type, [[AKA]] ''florid epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type'' (FEHUT).
*ADH = atypical ductal hyperplasia.
*DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ.
====Tabular comparison====
Comparison of EHUT, ADH and DCIS (memory device: ''CLEAN'' = cell uniformity, luminal spaces, extent/size, arch., nuclei):
{| class="wikitable"
| || '''EHUT''' || '''ADH''' || '''DCIS'''
|-
| '''Cellular composition''' || varied || focal uniformity || uniform
|-
| '''Lumina''' || slits/irregular spaces; <br>cells haphazardly <br>arranged around lumen || irregular spaces, no slits || circular "punched-out"; <br>cells size-by-size + <br>equally spaced @ interface
|-
| '''Extent''' || usually lobulocentric || limited extent || extensive
|-
| '''Architecture''' || irregular/swirling || DCIS-like || DCIS architecture (solid, <br>cribriform, papillary, micropapillary)
|-
| '''Nuclei (intranuclear<br>spacing)''' || variable || hyperchromatic<br>& uniform || evenly spaced
|-
|}
Treatment - implications:
*EHUT - nothing; EHUT is benign.
*ADH - simple excision, i.e. lumpectomy.
*DCIS - excision (lumpectomy) + radiation.
*Invasive ductal carcinoma - excision with sentinel lymph node disection<ref>Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: What Breast Cancer Patients Need to Know. cancernews.com. URL: [http://www.cancernews.com/data/Article/202.asp http://www.cancernews.com/data/Article/202.asp]. Accessed on: 9 October 2009.</ref> and radiation.


==Ductal carcinoma in situ==
==Ductal carcinoma in situ==
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*If no RBCs are present to compare with compare the nuclei to one another.  
*If no RBCs are present to compare with compare the nuclei to one another.  
*If you see nuclei >3x larger than their neigbour you're ready to call DCIS Grade 3.
*If you see nuclei >3x larger than their neigbour you're ready to call DCIS Grade 3.
==FEHUT vs ADH vs DCIS==
*Breast duct lumen with too many cells.
*This is common problem is breast pathology.<ref name=Ref_BP167-8>{{Ref BP|167-8}}</ref>
Definitions:
*EHUT = epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type, aka ''florid epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type'' (FEHUT).
*ADH = atypical ductal hyperplasia.
*DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ.
*Mnemonic ''CLEAN'' = cell uniformity, luminal spaces, extent/size, arch., nuclei.
**Cellular composition:
***EHUT = varied.
***ADH = focal uniformity.
***DCIS = uniform.
**Lumina:
***EHUT = slits/irregular spaces.
***ADH = irregular spaces, no slits.
***DCIS = circular "punched-out".
**Extent:
***EHUT = usually lobulocentric.
***ADH = limited extent.
***DCIS = extensive.
**Architecture:
***EHUT = irregular/swirling.
***ADH = DCIS-like.
***DCIS = DCIS architecture (solid, cribriform, comedo, papillary, micropapillary).
**Nuclei:
***EHUT = variable.
***ADH = hyperchromatic + uniform.
***DCIS = evenly spaced.
===Tabular comparison===
Comparison of EHUT, ADH and DCIS:
{| class="wikitable"
| || '''EHUT''' || '''ADH''' || '''DCIS'''
|-
| '''Cellular composition''' || varied || focal uniformity || uniform
|-
| '''Lumina''' || slits/irregular spaces || irregular spaces, no slits || circular "punched-out"
|-
| '''Extent''' || usually lobulocentric || limited extent || extensive
|-
| '''Architecture''' || irregular/swirling || DCIS-like || DCIS architecture (solid, <br>cribriform, papillary, micropapillary)
|-
| '''Nuclei''' || variable || hyperchromatic<br>& uniform || evenly spaced
|-
|}
Treatment - implications:
*EHUT - nothing; EHUT is benign.
*ADH - simple excision, i.e. lumpectomy.
*DCIS - excision (lumpectomy) + radiation.
*Invasive ductal carcinoma - excision with sentinel lymph node disection<ref>Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: What Breast Cancer Patients Need to Know. cancernews.com. URL: [http://www.cancernews.com/data/Article/202.asp http://www.cancernews.com/data/Article/202.asp]. Accessed on: 9 October 2009.</ref> and radiation.


=Lobular neoplasia=
=Lobular neoplasia=

Revision as of 00:16, 29 November 2010

Non-invasive breast cancer is a common entity... since the introduction of radiologic breast screening.

It can neatly be divided into the discussion of two entities:

  • Ductal carcinoma in situ, and,
  • Lobular carcinoma in situ.

Invasive breast cancer is dealt with in the article invasive breast cancer.

Ductal neoplasia

Overview

This category includes:

  1. Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH).
  2. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

The difference between ADH and DCIS is:

  1. The degree of nuclear atypia; high grade is DCIS.
  2. The extent; small lesions are ADH, large lesions (low-grade) DCIS.

Is it ductal neoplasia?

FEHUT versus ADH versus DCIS

  • Breast duct lumen with too many cells; this is common problem is breast pathology.[1]
    • The general DDx for this scenario is: EHUT versus ADH versus DCIS.

Notes:

  • EHUT = epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type, AKA florid epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type (FEHUT).
  • ADH = atypical ductal hyperplasia.
  • DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ.

Tabular comparison

Comparison of EHUT, ADH and DCIS (memory device: CLEAN = cell uniformity, luminal spaces, extent/size, arch., nuclei):

EHUT ADH DCIS
Cellular composition varied focal uniformity uniform
Lumina slits/irregular spaces;
cells haphazardly
arranged around lumen		 irregular spaces, no slits circular "punched-out";
cells size-by-size +
equally spaced @ interface
Extent usually lobulocentric limited extent extensive
Architecture irregular/swirling DCIS-like DCIS architecture (solid,
cribriform, papillary, micropapillary)
Nuclei (intranuclear
spacing)		 variable hyperchromatic
& uniform		 evenly spaced

Treatment - implications:

  • EHUT - nothing; EHUT is benign.
  • ADH - simple excision, i.e. lumpectomy.
  • DCIS - excision (lumpectomy) + radiation.
  • Invasive ductal carcinoma - excision with sentinel lymph node disection[2] and radiation.

Ductal carcinoma in situ

General

  • Abbreviated DCIS.
  • Diagnosis based on nuclear abnormalities and architecture.
  • It is typically picked-up during radiologic screening.

Subtypes

Subtypes are based on architecture:

  • Solid.
    • No spaces between cells.
  • Cribriform.
    • Honeycomb-like appearance: circular holes.
    • "Cookie cutter" appearance/"punched-out" appearance/"Roman bridges" -- cells surround the circular holes.
  • Papillary.
    • Papillae with fibrovascular cores.
  • Micropapillary.
    • Small papillae without fibrovascular cores.
    • Have "drum stick" shape.

NOTE: comedonecrosis - used to be considered a separate subtype -- essentially solid type DCIS with necrosis.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Nuclear pleomorphism -- most important feature.
  • Nuclear size - compared to RBCs to grade DCIS.
    • Compare sizes of nuclei if you cannot find RBCs.
  • +/-Mitoses.
  • Cells cohesive.
    • No spaces in between.
    • Nuclei spaced equally.

Size criteria for low-grade DCIS

DCIS must meet the following size criteria:[3]

  • Two membrane-bound spaces - OR - 2 mm.
    • If it isn't (low-grade) DCIS... it's atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH).

The treatment is similar; ADH and DCIS are both excised.

The differences are:

  • DCIS is cancer, i.e. this has life insurance implications.
  • Radiation treatment - DCIS is irradiated; ADH does not get radiation.

Grading DCIS

Graded 1-3 (low-high)[4] - compare lesional nuclei to one another.

  • Grade 1
    • Nuclei 2-3x size of RBC.
    • NO necrosis.
  • Grade 2
    • Nuclei 2-3x size of RBC.
    • +/-Necrosis.
  • Grade 3
    • Nuclei >3x size of RBC.
    • Necrosis usually present.

Notes:

  • It is often hard to find RBCs when you want 'em. DCIS is pleomorphic.
  • If no RBCs are present to compare with compare the nuclei to one another.
  • If you see nuclei >3x larger than their neigbour you're ready to call DCIS Grade 3.

Lobular neoplasia

Overview

Includes:

  1. Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH).
  2. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).
  • These entities (ALH, LCIS) are near identical from a histomorphologic perspective.
  • The difference is extent of involvement:
    • ALH <50% of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) is involved.
    • LCIS >=50% of TDLU is involved.

Atypical lobular hyperplasia

  • Abbreviated ALH.

Microscopic

See LCIS.

Lobular carcinoma in situ

  • Abbreviated LCIS.

General

  • Management is currently some matter of debate.
  • Not detected radiologically - it is an incidental pathologic finding.

Microscopic

Features:[5][6]

  • Cells distend the duct.
  • Dyscohesive - distinct cell border visible.
  • Clear cytoplasm (focally); may have signet ring cell-like appearance.
  • Eccentrically placed round nucleus,
    • Usually minimal atypia, relatively small ~1-2x size lymphocyte.
    • +/-Nucleolus.

Subclassification[6]

  • Non-PLCIS.
    • Type A.
      • Nucleus 1-1.5x lymphocyte.
      • No nucleolus.
    • Type B.
      • Nucleus ~2x lymphocyte.
      • Nucleolus present.
  • PLCIS (pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ).

Main DDx:

  • Low-grade DCIS.

See also

References

  1. ↑ O'Malley, Frances P.; Pinder, Sarah E. (2006). Breast Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 167-8. ISBN 978-0443066801.
  2. ↑ Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: What Breast Cancer Patients Need to Know. cancernews.com. URL: http://www.cancernews.com/data/Article/202.asp. Accessed on: 9 October 2009.
  3. ↑ O'Malley, Frances P.; Pinder, Sarah E. (2006). Breast Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 168. ISBN 978-0443066801.
  4. ↑ http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/dcis/
  5. ↑ Weedman Molavi, Diana (2008). The Practice of Surgical Pathology: A Beginner's Guide to the Diagnostic Process (1st ed.). Springer. pp. 188. ISBN 978-0387744858.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 O'Malley, Frances P.; Pinder, Sarah E. (2006). Breast Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 170. ISBN 978-0443066801.
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