Difference between revisions of "Eye"
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Special stains (ZN, PASD, GMS) did not demonstrate microorganisms. | Special stains (ZN, PASD, GMS) did not demonstrate microorganisms. | ||
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The sections show a reactive squamous mucosa with palisading granulomas that surround clear spaces (lipid). This is accompanied by a lymphoplasmacytic rich inflammatory infiltrate. Granulation tissue is present. | The sections show a reactive squamous mucosa with palisading granulomas that surround clear spaces (lipid). This is accompanied by a lymphoplasmacytic rich inflammatory infiltrate. Granulation tissue is present. |
Revision as of 11:55, 28 December 2012
The eye is rarely seen by pathologists. Typically, they go to neuropathologists, as the eye is really part of the brain. The article also covers lesions found around the eye. The lacrimal gland is covered in the lacrimal gland article.
An introduction to neuropathology is in the neuropathology article.
Procedures
- Evisceration - eye muscles left intact.
- Enucleation.
- Exenteration - extensive resection.
Anatomy
Anterior to posterior
- Cornea.
- Iris.
- Lens.
- Conjunctiva - edge of cornea.
- Sclera.
- Similar to cornea - normally has blood vessels.
Optic nerve
- Surrounded by CSF.
- Covered by dura.
Inside to outside
- Retina.
- Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
- Choroid.
- Sclera.
Anterior angle
- Angle between cornea and iris.
Histology
Eye muscles
- The muscles that move the eye have a high nerve:muscle ratio = ~1:4.[1]
- Other muscles in the body ~1:250.
Conjunctiva
Features:[2]
- Stratified squamous.
- May be stratified columnar
- Goblet cells.
Cornea
Layers:[3]
- Epithelium layer.
- Squamoid cells.
- Bowman's layer.
- Indistinct.
- Stroma.
- Fibrous tissue.
- No blood vessels.
- Descemet’s layer.
- Indistinct.
- PAS -ve.
- Endothelium.
- Single layer.
Eye structures with melanocytes
Melanoma may arise from these sites:
- Iris.
- Conjunctiva.
- Ciliary bodies.
- Choroid.
Benign entities
Conjunctivitis
General
- Benign.
- Never biopsied.
- It is an incidental finding in a biopsy for something else.
Gross
- Red eye.
Microscopic
Features:
- Conjunctival epithelium - stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells.
- Inflammatory cells.
Pinguecula
- Plural Pingueculae.
General
- Raizada et al.[4] suggest it is an early pterygium; however, this is disputed.
- Due to ultraviolet light exposure, e.g. sunlight.[5]
- Tend to be older than individuals afflicted with a pterygium.
Gross
- Yellow spot.
Microscopic
Features:
- Similar to pterygium.[5]
Pterygium
- AKA surfer eye.
General
- Pronounced: "tuh-rij-ee-uhm".[6]
- Conjunctiva lesion that covers part of the sclera.
- Sclera = white part of the eye.[7]
- Benign.
- Due to ultraviolet light exposure, i.e. sunlight.[5]
Gross
- Medial aspect of eye - covers sclera (white part) and part of the iris (coloured part).
Image:
Microscopic
Features:[5]
- Hyaline material beneath epithelium.
- Elastic fibres beneath the hyaline material.
- +/-Inflammation.
- Solar elastosis.[8]
- Dense gray/light brown acellular material.
- Dilated vessels.[8]
DDx:
- Squamous dysplasia.
- Squamous cell carcinoma.[9]
Images:
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CONJUNCTIVA ("PTERYGIUM"), RIGHT, EXCISION: - CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA WITH STROMAL ACTINIC CHANGES -- CONSISTENT WITH PTERYGIUM.
CONJUNCTIVA ("PTERYGIUM"), RIGHT, EXCISION: - CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA WITH SOLAR ELASTOSIS AND DILATED SUPERFICIAL BLOOD VESSELS -- CONSISTENT WITH PTERYGIUM. - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
CONJUNCTIVA ("PTERYGIUM"), RIGHT, EXCISION: - CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA WITH STROMAL ACTINIC CHANGES -- CONSISTENT WITH PTERYGIUM. - NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
Eccrine hidrocystoma
- Occasionally spelled eccrine hydrocystoma.[10]
General
- Benign.
- Eyelid lesion.
Clinical DDx:[10]
- Cystic BCC.
Microsopic
Features:
- Same histology as epidermal inclusion cyst.[10]
Chalazion
General
- Benign eye thingy that arises from the special sebaceous gland associated with the eyelid (Meibomian gland).
- Usually diagnosed based on clinical appearance - accuracy ~94% in one series.[11]
Gross
- Focal eyelid swelling - typically upper eyelid.
DDx:[11]
Images:
Microscopic
Features:
- Lipogranulomas - key feature.[11]
- Granulomatous inflammation around clear space (lipid).[12]
- +/- Touton giant cells.[13]
- Plasma cells - abundant - important.
Images:
- Chalazion and its clinical DDx (nature.com).[11]
- Chalazion (WC/euthman).
- Chalazion (surgical-pathology.com).[14]
- Chalazion (surgicalpathologyatlas.com).
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EYELID LESION, RIGHT UPPER, BIOPSY: - LIPOGRANULOMAS. - LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC RICH INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE. - GRANULATION TISSUE. - REACTIVE SQUAMOUS MUCOSA. COMMENT: The findings are consistent with a chalazion. Special stains (ZN, PASD, GMS) did not demonstrate microorganisms.
Micro
The sections show a reactive squamous mucosa with palisading granulomas that surround clear spaces (lipid). This is accompanied by a lymphoplasmacytic rich inflammatory infiltrate. Granulation tissue is present.
Retinal hemorrhage
Image:
Glaucoma
General
- Leading cause of irreversible blindness.
Classification:
- Open angle - more common.
- Closed angle.
Microscopic
Features (closed angle):
- Cornea and iris opposed to one another.
Retinal detachment
General
- Blindness.
Causes:
- Trauma (classic) - pathologist doesn't usually see.
- Tumours - common in pathology specimens.
Microscopic
Features:
- Retina separated from retinal pigment epithelium.
- Eosinophilic exudate containing macrophages.
Blepharochalasis
General
- Rare, benign eyelid disorder.[16]
Clinical:
- Swelling of eyelids - recurrent.[17]
- Children and adolescents.
- Leads to ptosis.
Microscopic
Features:[16]
- Edema.
DDx:
Stains
- Elastin stain - shows loss of elastin.[19]
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EYELID, LEFT UPPER, PTOSIS REPAIR: - SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS. - SUBEPITHELIAL TISSUE WITH MILD EDEMA. - SOLAR ELASTOSIS. - NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
Malignant entities
Retinoblastoma
General
- Rare.
- Malignant.
- May be familial.[20]
Gross
- White, solid.
- Patterns:
- Endophytic - grow into the vitreous cavity.
- Exophytic - grow toward choroid.
- Mixed - components of endophytic and exophytic.
Image:
Note:
- Tumour is extremely friable.
Microscopic
Features:
- Small round cell tumour:
- Scant cytoplasm.
- Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette - key feature.
- Rosette with empty centre (donut hole).[21]
- +/-Homer-Wright rosette.[22]
- Circular rosette with neuropil at the centre.[21]
- Mitoses - common.
- +/-Necrosis.
- +/-Calcification.
DDx:
- Retinocytoma (retinoma) - benign counterpart of retinoblastoma.
Notes:
- DDx of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette includes:
- Pineoblastoma.
- Medulloepithelioma.
Image:
Malignant melanoma
Common malignancy in the eye in adults.
See also
References
- ↑ Bilbao. 24 November 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm. Accessed on: 20 October 2011.
- ↑ URL: http://www.ophthobook.com/questions/question-name-the-layers-of-the-cornea-and-their-function. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Raizada, IN.; Bhatnagar, NK. (Jul 1976). "Pinguecula and pterygium (a histopathological study).". Indian J Ophthalmol 24 (2): 16-8. PMID 1031388.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Hill, JC.; Maske, R. (1989). "Pathogenesis of pterygium.". Eye (Lond) 3 ( Pt 2): 218-26. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.31. PMID 2695353.
- ↑ URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pterygium. Accessed on: 20 October 2011
- ↑ URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002006/. Accessed on: 20 October 2011.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 URL: http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpt/eyepath/specco4.htm. Accessed on: 25 October 2011.
- ↑ Clear, AS.; Chirambo, MC.; Hutt, MS. (Feb 1979). "Solar keratosis, pterygium, and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in Malawi.". Br J Ophthalmol 63 (2): 102-9. PMC 1043407. PMID 427069. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1043407/.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Adams, SP. (Feb 1999). "Dermacase. Eccrine hydrocystoma.". Can Fam Physician 45: 297, 306. PMC 2328272. PMID 10065300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2328272/.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Ozdal, PC.; Codère, F.; Callejo, S.; Caissie, AL.; Burnier, MN. (Feb 2004). "Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of chalazion.". Eye (Lond) 18 (2): 135-8. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700603. PMID 14762403. http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v18/n2/full/6700603a.html.
- ↑ D'hermies, F.; Fayet, B.; Meyer, A.; Morel, X.; Halhal, M.; Elmaleh, C.; Azan, F.; Behar-Cohen, F. et al. (Feb 2004). "[Chalazion mimicking an eyelid tumor].". J Fr Ophtalmol 27 (2): 202-5. PMID 15029054.
- ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212709-workup. Accessed on: 9 February 2012.
- ↑ URL: http://www.surgical-pathology.com/chalazion.htm. Accessed on: 24 January 2012.
- ↑ URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/fofrm.html. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Koursh, DM.; Modjtahedi, SP.; Selva, D.; Leibovitch, I.. "The blepharochalasis syndrome.". Surv Ophthalmol 54 (2): 235-44. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.12.005. PMID 19298902.
- ↑ Bergin, DJ.; McCord, CD.; Berger, T.; Friedberg, H.; Waterhouse, W. (Nov 1988). "Blepharochalasis.". Br J Ophthalmol 72 (11): 863-7. PMID 3207663.
- ↑ Wang, G.; Li, C.; Gao, T. (Apr 2009). "Blepharochalasis: a rare condition misdiagnosed as recurrent angioedema.". Arch Dermatol 145 (4): 498-9. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.19. PMID 19380685.
- ↑ Kaneoya, K.; Momota, Y.; Hatamochi, A.; Matsumoto, F.; Arima, Y.; Miyachi, Y.; Shinkai, H.; Utani, A. (Jan 2005). "Elastin gene expression in blepharochalasis.". J Dermatol 32 (1): 26-9. PMID 15841657.
- ↑ Lohmann D (2010). "Retinoblastoma". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 685: 220–7. PMID 20687510.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Wippold FJ, Perry A (March 2006). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: rosettes and pseudorosettes". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (3): 488–92. PMID 16551982.
- ↑ WH. 14 March 2011.