Difference between revisions of "Endometrial hyperplasia"

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:''See [[Endometrium]] for dating and benign pathologies.''
:''See [[Endometrium]] for an introduction to the topic.''
'''Endometrial hyperplasia''', abbreviated '''EH''', is a precursor to [[endometrial carcinoma]].
'''Endometrial hyperplasia''', abbreviated '''EH''', is a precursor to [[endometrial carcinoma]].


=Overview=
=Overview=
The most widely used system is from the World Health Organization (WHO).  
===WHO endometrial hyperplasia classification of 2014===
The 2014 WHO system has two categories:<ref name=pmid25797956 >{{Cite journal  | last1 = Emons | first1 = G. | last2 = Beckmann | first2 = MW. | last3 = Schmidt | first3 = D. | last4 = Mallmann | first4 = P. | title = New WHO Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasias. | journal = Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 135-136 | month = Feb | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1055/s-0034-1396256 | PMID = 25797956 }}</ref>
*Hyperplasia without atypia.
*Atypical hyperplasia/endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia.


===WHO classification - overview===
===WHO endometrial hyperplasia classification of 1994===
The WHO system is based on determining:
The 1994 WHO system is based on determining:<ref name=pmid25797956>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Emons | first1 = G. | last2 = Beckmann | first2 = MW. | last3 = Schmidt | first3 = D. | last4 = Mallmann | first4 = P. | title = New WHO Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasias. | journal = Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 135-136 | month = Feb | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1055/s-0034-1396256 | PMID = 25797956 }}</ref>
# Gland density (normal = ''simple hyperplasia'', high density = ''complex hyperplasia'').
# Gland density (normal/low = ''simple hyperplasia'', high density = ''complex hyperplasia'').
# Presence/absence of nuclear atypia.  
# Presence/absence of nuclear atypia.  
It consists of four categories:
*[[Simple endometrial hyperplasia]].
*[[Simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia]].
*[[Complex endometrial hyperplasia]].
*[[Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia]].


===Alternate classifications - overview===
===Alternate classifications - overview===
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#Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN).
#Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN).


==WHO classification==
==WHO classification of 1994==
===Management of endometrial hyperplasia===
===Management of endometrial hyperplasia===
*Endometrial hyperplasia with atypia is usually treated with hysterectomy.<ref>URL: [http://www.aafp.org/afp/990600ap/3069.html http://www.aafp.org/afp/990600ap/3069.html].</ref>
*Endometrial hyperplasia with atypia is usually treated with hysterectomy.<ref>URL: [http://www.aafp.org/afp/990600ap/3069.html http://www.aafp.org/afp/990600ap/3069.html].</ref>
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**Progestins + close follow-up ''OR'' hysterectomy.
**Progestins + close follow-up ''OR'' hysterectomy.


===Risk of progression to carcinoma===
===Risk of progression to carcinoma as per 1994 system===
Approximate risk of progression to [[endometrial carcinoma]] - Latta rule of 3s:<ref>Latta, E. January 2009.</ref>
Approximate risk of progression to [[endometrial carcinoma]] - Latta rule of 3s:<ref>Latta, E. January 2009.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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* ‡ 29% is the true number.<ref name=pmid4005805/>
* ‡ 29% is the true number.<ref name=pmid4005805/>


=WHO system=
===Ki-67===
Almost all hyperplasia is seen in the context of proliferative-type glands. Hyperplasia in the secretory phase is extremely rare and something diagnosed by or in consultation with an expert in gynecologic pathology.
There is one paper that looks at Ki-67:<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Abike | first1 = F. | last2 = Tapisiz | first2 = OL. | last3 = Zergeroglu | first3 = S. | last4 = Dunder | first4 = I. | last5 = Temizkan | first5 = O. | last6 = Temizkan | first6 = I. | last7 = Payasli | first7 = A. | title = PCNA and Ki-67 in endometrial hyperplasias and evaluation of the potential of malignancy. | journal = Eur J Gynaecol Oncol | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 77-80 | month =  | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID = 21446331 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Diagnosis
! Percent positive
|-
| [[Secretory phase endometrium]]
| <center>15%</center>
|-
| [[Proliferative phase endometrium]]
| <center>42%</center>
|-
| [[Simple endometrial hyperplasia|Simple hyperplasia]]
| <center>26%</center>
|-
| [[Simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia|Simple hyperplasia with atypia]]
| <center>23%</center>
|-
| [[Complex endometrial hyperplasia|Complex hyperplasia]]
| <center>16%</center>
|-
| [[Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia|Complex hyperplasia with atypia]]
| <center>42%</center>
|}
 
==WHO system of 1994 - detail articles==
Almost all hyperplasia is seen in the context of proliferative-type endometrium. [[Endometrial hyperplasia with secretory changes|Hyperplasia in the secretory-type endometrium]] is extremely rare and something diagnosed by or in consultation with an expert in gynecologic pathology.


==Simple endometrial hyperplasia==
===Simple endometrial hyperplasia===
*[[AKA]] ''simple hyperplasia''.
*[[AKA]] ''simple hyperplasia''.
===General===
{{Main|Simple endometrial hyperplasia}}
*More common than simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia.
*Very low risk for progressing to [[endometrioid endometrial carcinoma]].


===Microscopic===
===Simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia===
Features:<ref name=Ref_GP236>{{Ref GP|236}}</ref>
{{Main|Simple endometrial hyperplasia}}
*Irregular dilated glands (with large lumens) - '''key feature'''.
**Glands described as "animal shapes".
*Variation of gland size.
*No nuclear atypia.
**Uniform columnar nuclei.
*Normal gland density (gland area in plane of section/total area ~= 1/3).


DDx:
===Complex endometrial hyperplasia===
*[[Disordered proliferative phase]].
*Abbreviated ''CEH''.
*[[Complex endometrial hyperplasia]] - has increased gland-to-stroma ratio.
{{Main|Complex endometrial hyperplasia}}
*[[Atrophic endometrium|Cystic atrophy of the endometrium]] - does not have proliferative activity.<ref name=pmid16873562>{{Cite journal  | last1 = McCluggage | first1 = WG. | title = My approach to the interpretation of endometrial biopsies and curettings. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 59 | issue = 8 | pages = 801-12 | month = Aug | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2005.029702 | PMID = 16873562 | PMC = 1860448 }}</ref>
*[[Benign endometrial polyp]] - has thick-walled blood vessels; simple endometrial hyperplasia should not be diagnosed in a polyp.<ref name=pmid16873562/>


Images:
===Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia===
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_endometrial_hyperplasia_-_low_mag.jpg Simple endometrial hyperplasia - low mag. (WC)].
*[[AKA]] ''complex atypical hyperplasia''.
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_endometrial_hyperplasia_-_high_mag.jpg Simple endometrial hyperplasia - high mag. (WC)].
{{Main|Complex endometrial hyperplasia}}


==Simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia==
=Other=
==Endometrial hyperplasia with secretory changes==
===General===
===General===
*Very uncommon.
*Rare.
*Secretory changes seen in 1-2% of endometrial hyperplasias/endometrial carcinomas.<ref>Simon RA, Hansen K, Xiong JJ, et al. [http://www.abstracts2view.com/uscap12/view.php?nu=USCAP12L_1248 PTEN status and frequency of endometrial carcinoma and its precursors arising in functional secretory endometrium; an immunohistochemical study of 29 cases]. Mod Pathol. 2012;25(Suppl 2): 1248A.</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_GP236>{{Ref GP|236}}</ref>
Features:<ref>Simon RA. [http://www.cap.org/apps/cap.portal?_nfpb=true&cntvwrPtlt_actionOverride=%2Fportlets%2FcontentViewer%2Fshow&_windowLabel=cntvwrPtlt&cntvwrPtlt%7BactionForm.contentReference%7D=cap_today%2F0612%2F0612_qa.html CAP Today]. June 2012. Accessed on: 24 April 2013.</ref>
*Irregular dilated glands (with large lumens) - '''important feature'''.
*Secretory changes - includes at least one of three following:<ref name=pmid12648591>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tresserra | first1 = F. | last2 = Lopez-Yarto | first2 = M. | last3 = Grases | first3 = PJ. | last4 = Ubeda | first4 = A. | last5 = Pascual | first5 = MA. | last6 = Labastida | first6 = R. | title = Endometrial hyperplasia with secretory changes. | journal = Gynecol Oncol | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 386-93 | month = Mar | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12648591 }}</ref>
**Glands described as "animal shapes".  
*#Stromal decidualization.
*Variation of gland size.
*#Cytoplasmic vacuolization.
*No nuclear atypia.
*#Intraluminal secretions.
**Uniform columnar nuclei.
*Proliferative-type epithelium. †
*Normal gland density (gland area in plane of section/total area ~= 1/3).
**Mitoses.
*Nuclear atypia:<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Silverberg | first1 = SG. | title = Problems in the differential diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 309-27 | month = Mar | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3880053 | PMID = 10757341 }}</ref>
**Nuclear atypia.
**Loss of basal nuclear stratification.
**Pseudostratified epithelium.
**Nuclear size variation.  
**Nuclear rounding.  
***Nuclei lacking atypical = uniform columnar nuclei.
**Nucleoli.
**Hyperchromasia or vesicular nuclei.


Notes:
Notes:
*There are no clear criteria for atypia. Different sources list different features.
* † This is ''not'' precisely defined. I suppose it is some of the things Bell and Ostrezega<ref name=pmid3610133/> mention (mitoses, nuclear atypia, pseudostratified epithelium).
*VL criteria for atypia (all should be present):
**Bell and Ostrezega<ref name=pmid3610133>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bell | first1 = CD. | last2 = Ostrezega | first2 = E. | title = The significance of secretory features and coincident hyperplastic changes in endometrial biopsy specimens. | journal = Hum Pathol | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 830-8 | month = Aug | year = 1987 | doi = | PMID = 3610133 }}</ref> give a laundry list for differentiating ''benign secretory endometrium'' from ''hyperplasia with secretory changes'': focal architectural abnormalities, metaplastic ciliated & "clear" cells, sharp luminal border, epithelial pseudopalisading, nuclear atypia, vesicular nuclei, mitoses.
*#Increased NC ratio.
*#*Atypical: ~ 1:2
*#*Not atypical: ~1:3.
*#Oval nuclei with small major axis to minor axis ratio.
*#*Atypical: major axis:minor axis = <=2:1.
*#*Not atypical: major axis:minor axis = >=3:1
*#**NB: round nuclei: major axis:minor axis = 1:1.
*#Small nucleoli (~1/5 the size of the nucleus).
 
==Complex endometrial hyperplasia==
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Increase in size & number of glands + irregular shape - '''key feature'''.
*Cell stratification.
*Nuclear enlargement.
*Mitoses common.
*No nuclear atypia.
 
Notes:  
*Normal "gland-to-stroma ratio" is 1:3.
*Two "touching" glands may be one gland in section.


DDx:
DDx:
*[[Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia]].
*[[Secretory phase endometrium]].
*[[Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma]] - see ''[[endometrial carcinoma versus complex endometrial hyperplasia]]''.
*[[Endometrium with hormonal changes]].


Image:
Images:
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=1&Case=568 Endometrial hyperplasia (webpathology.com)].
*[http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/cap_today/0612/0612a_qa.pdf Endometrial hyperplasia with secretory changes (cap.org)].
 
====Endometrial carcinoma versus complex endometrial hyperplasia====
Complex endometrial hyperplasia:
*Non-confluent - glands distinct from one another.
 
=====Classic criteria for endometrial carcinoma=====
This is pimping material that shows up on exams.
 
Endometrial carcinoma has one of the following:<ref name=Ref_GP239>{{Ref GP|239}}</ref><ref name=pmid7074572>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kurman | first1 = RJ. | last2 = Norris | first2 = HJ. | title = Evaluation of criteria for distinguishing atypical endometrial hyperplasia from well-differentiated carcinoma. | journal = Cancer | volume = 49 | issue = 12 | pages = 2547-59 | month = Jun | year = 1982 | doi =  | PMID = 7074572 }}</ref><ref>URL: [http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Endometrium_11protocol.pdf http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Endometrium_11protocol.pdf]. Accessed on: 12 January 2012.</ref>
#Desmoplastic stromal response.
#Confluent cribriform growth. †
#Extensive papillary growth. †
#Severe cytologic atypia. †
 
Note:
* † There is a size cut-off for criteria 2, 3 and 4: > 2.1 mm.<ref name=pmid7074572/>
How to remember '''ABCDE''':
*'''A'''typia '''B'''ad.
*'''C'''onfluent cribriform growth.
*'''D'''esmoplasia.
*'''E'''xtensive papillary growth.
 
==Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia==
*[[AKA]] ''complex atypical hyperplasia''.
===General===
*High risk of transformation to [[endometrial carcinoma]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Increase in size & number of glands + irregular shape - '''key feature'''.
*Cell stratification.
*Nuclear enlargement.
*Nuclear atypia:
**Round nuclei ~ 2-3x the size of a lymphocyte.
**Grey/translucent chromatin.
**Nucleoli.
*Mitoses common.
 
Note:
*Atypical nuclei often hide between non-typical nuclei, like peg cells in the [[fallopian tube]].
 
DDx:
*[[Complex endometrial hyperplasia]].
*[[Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma]] - see ''[[endometrial carcinoma versus complex endometrial hyperplasia]]''.
 
Image:
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=2&Case=568 Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia (webpathology.com)].
 
===Sign out===
====Insufficient confluence for carcinoma====
<pre>
ENDOMETRIUM, BIOPSY:
- COMPLEX ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA WITH ATYPIA, SEE COMMENT.
 
COMMENT:
The sections show architecturally complex crowded glands with focal
morular squamous metaplasia and focal cribriforming.  Desmoplasia
is not identified. The degree of gland confluence is not considered
sufficient for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. Nuclear atypia
is present focally.
</pre>
 
====Insufficient extent for carcinoma====
<pre>
ENDOMETRIUM, BIOPSY:
- COMPLEX ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA WITH ATYPIA, SEE COMMENT.
 
COMMENT:
The sections show architecturally complex back-to-back glands with focal
morular squamous metaplasia and cribriforming. Desmoplasia is not present.
The extent, i.e. the size of the abnormality, is not considered sufficient
for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.
</pre>


=See also=
=See also=

Latest revision as of 15:42, 27 June 2016

See Endometrium for an introduction to the topic.

Endometrial hyperplasia, abbreviated EH, is a precursor to endometrial carcinoma.

Overview

WHO endometrial hyperplasia classification of 2014

The 2014 WHO system has two categories:[1]

  • Hyperplasia without atypia.
  • Atypical hyperplasia/endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia.

WHO endometrial hyperplasia classification of 1994

The 1994 WHO system is based on determining:[1]

  1. Gland density (normal/low = simple hyperplasia, high density = complex hyperplasia).
  2. Presence/absence of nuclear atypia.

It consists of four categories:

Alternate classifications - overview

Two alternative grading systems exist, that are (currently) not widely used:[2]

  1. European group of experts (1999).
  2. Endometrial collaborative group/Harvard (2000).

Both consist of two categories, as opposed to four found in the WHO classification.

European group of experts classification

  1. Endometrial hyperplasia.
  2. Endometrioid neoplasia.

Endometrial collaborative group/Harvard classification

  1. Endometrial hyperplasia.
  2. Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN).

WHO classification of 1994

Management of endometrial hyperplasia

  • Endometrial hyperplasia with atypia is usually treated with hysterectomy.[3]
    • In women who want to maintain fertility it may be treated with progestin + short interval re-biopsies (q3 months).[4]
  • Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia is treated by:
    • Progestins + close follow-up OR hysterectomy.

Risk of progression to carcinoma as per 1994 system

Approximate risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma - Latta rule of 3s:[5]

Simple Complex
Without atypia 1% 3%
With atypia 9% † 27% ‡

Notes:

  • † 8% is the true number.[6]
  • ‡ 29% is the true number.[6]

Ki-67

There is one paper that looks at Ki-67:[7]

Diagnosis Percent positive
Secretory phase endometrium
15%
Proliferative phase endometrium
42%
Simple hyperplasia
26%
Simple hyperplasia with atypia
23%
Complex hyperplasia
16%
Complex hyperplasia with atypia
42%

WHO system of 1994 - detail articles

Almost all hyperplasia is seen in the context of proliferative-type endometrium. Hyperplasia in the secretory-type endometrium is extremely rare and something diagnosed by or in consultation with an expert in gynecologic pathology.

Simple endometrial hyperplasia

  • AKA simple hyperplasia.
Main article: Simple endometrial hyperplasia

Simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia

Main article: Simple endometrial hyperplasia

Complex endometrial hyperplasia

  • Abbreviated CEH.
Main article: Complex endometrial hyperplasia

Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia

  • AKA complex atypical hyperplasia.
Main article: Complex endometrial hyperplasia

Other

Endometrial hyperplasia with secretory changes

General

  • Rare.
  • Secretory changes seen in 1-2% of endometrial hyperplasias/endometrial carcinomas.[8]

Microscopic

Features:[9]

  • Secretory changes - includes at least one of three following:[10]
    1. Stromal decidualization.
    2. Cytoplasmic vacuolization.
    3. Intraluminal secretions.
  • Proliferative-type epithelium. †
    • Mitoses.
    • Nuclear atypia.
    • Pseudostratified epithelium.

Notes:

  • † This is not precisely defined. I suppose it is some of the things Bell and Ostrezega[11] mention (mitoses, nuclear atypia, pseudostratified epithelium).
    • Bell and Ostrezega[11] give a laundry list for differentiating benign secretory endometrium from hyperplasia with secretory changes: focal architectural abnormalities, metaplastic ciliated & "clear" cells, sharp luminal border, epithelial pseudopalisading, nuclear atypia, vesicular nuclei, mitoses.

DDx:

Images:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Emons, G.; Beckmann, MW.; Schmidt, D.; Mallmann, P. (Feb 2015). "New WHO Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasias.". Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 75 (2): 135-136. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1396256. PMID 25797956.
  2. ↑ Dietel, M. (Nov 2001). "The histological diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia. Is there a need to simplify?". Virchows Arch 439 (5): 604-8. PMID 11764378.
  3. ↑ URL: http://www.aafp.org/afp/990600ap/3069.html.
  4. ↑ URL: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060801/practice.html.
  5. ↑ Latta, E. January 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kurman, RJ.; Kaminski, PF.; Norris, HJ. (Jul 1985). "The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of untreated hyperplasia in 170 patients.". Cancer 56 (2): 403-12. PMID 4005805.
  7. ↑ Abike, F.; Tapisiz, OL.; Zergeroglu, S.; Dunder, I.; Temizkan, O.; Temizkan, I.; Payasli, A. (2011). "PCNA and Ki-67 in endometrial hyperplasias and evaluation of the potential of malignancy.". Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 32 (1): 77-80. PMID 21446331.
  8. ↑ Simon RA, Hansen K, Xiong JJ, et al. PTEN status and frequency of endometrial carcinoma and its precursors arising in functional secretory endometrium; an immunohistochemical study of 29 cases. Mod Pathol. 2012;25(Suppl 2): 1248A.
  9. ↑ Simon RA. CAP Today. June 2012. Accessed on: 24 April 2013.
  10. ↑ Tresserra, F.; Lopez-Yarto, M.; Grases, PJ.; Ubeda, A.; Pascual, MA.; Labastida, R. (Mar 2003). "Endometrial hyperplasia with secretory changes.". Gynecol Oncol 88 (3): 386-93. PMID 12648591.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bell, CD.; Ostrezega, E. (Aug 1987). "The significance of secretory features and coincident hyperplastic changes in endometrial biopsy specimens.". Hum Pathol 18 (8): 830-8. PMID 3610133.
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