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==Aortic dissection==
==Aortic dissection==
*Abbreviated ''AoD''.
*Abbreviated ''AoD''.
===General===
{{Main|Aortic dissection}}
Risk factors:
*[[Hypertension]].<ref name=pmid21968475>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Braverman | first1 = AC. | title = Aortic dissection: prompt diagnosis and emergency treatment are critical. | journal = Cleve Clin J Med | volume = 78 | issue = 10 | pages = 685-96 | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.3949/ccjm.78a.11053 | PMID = 21968475 | URL = http://www.ccjm.org/content/78/10/685.long }}</ref>
*[[Atherosclerosis]].<ref name=pmid21173794>{{Cite journal  | last1 = LeMaire | first1 = SA. | last2 = Russell | first2 = L. | title = Epidemiology of thoracic aortic dissection. | journal = Nat Rev Cardiol | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 103-13 | month = Feb | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.187 | PMID = 21173794 }}</ref>
**[[Smoking]].
*Cardiac surgery - rare, well-known complication.<ref name=pmid22345184>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Leontyev | first1 = S. | last2 = Borger | first2 = MA. | last3 = Legare | first3 = JF. | last4 = Merk | first4 = D. | last5 = Hahn | first5 = J. | last6 = Seeburger | first6 = J. | last7 = Lehmann | first7 = S. | last8 = Mohr | first8 = FW. | title = Iatrogenic type A aortic dissection during cardiac procedures: early and late outcome in 48 patients. | journal = Eur J Cardiothorac Surg | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 641-6 | month = Mar | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezr070 | PMID = 22345184 }}</ref>
 
Note:
*Diabetes uncommon in AoD.<ref name=pmid21173794/>
 
====Associations====
Heritable:<ref name=pmid16253833>{{cite journal |author=Gleason TG |title=Heritable disorders predisposing to aortic dissection |journal=Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=274-81 |year=2005 |pmid=16253833 |doi=10.1053/j.semtcvs.2005.06.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Marfan's syndrome]].
*Loeys-Dietz syndrome - a Marfan-like syndrome<ref name=pmid16928994>{{cite journal |author=Loeys BL, Schwarze U, Holm T, ''et al'' |title=Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=8 |pages=788-98 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16928994 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055695 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/8/788}}</ref>
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]].
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]].<ref name=pmid21173794/>
 
Others:
*Tertiary [[syphilis]].<ref name=pmid20864080>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cruz | first1 = RP. | last2 = Marrone | first2 = LC. | last3 = Marrone | first3 = AC. | title = Chronic syphilitic aortic aneurysm complicated with chronic aortic dissection. | journal = Am J Surg | volume = 200 | issue = 5 | pages = e64-6 | month = Nov | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.02.017 | PMID = 20864080 }}</ref>
*[[Turner syndrome]].<ref name=pmid21731587>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Carlson | first1 = M. | last2 = Silberbach | first2 = M. | title = Dissection of the aorta in Turner syndrome: two cases and review of 85 cases in the literature. | journal = BMJ Case Rep | volume = 2009 | issue =  | pages = bcr0620091998 | month =  | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1136/bcr.06.2009.1998 | PMID = 21731587 }}</ref>
 
====Classification====
Two classification exist:
*''DeBakey''.
*''Stanford''.
 
Stanford dissection classification:<ref name=pmid9362838>{{cite journal |author=Finkelmeier BA |title=Dissection of the aorta: a clinical update |journal=J Vasc Nurs |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=88-93 |year=1997 |month=September |pmid=9362838 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Type A - aortic root to the left subclavian artery.
**Considered a surgical emergency.
*Type B - distal to (left) subclavian artery.
**Generally, treated conservatively.
 
===Gross===
*Entry intimal tear +/- exit intimal tear.
**Blood between layers of the vessel wall.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:AoDiss_Patho.jpg | Aortic dissection. (WC)
</gallery>
 
www:
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CVHTML/CV031.html Aortic dissection (utah.edu)].
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/cardio/ad-gross.html Aortic dissection (brown.edu)].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Defect in the tunica media (muscle layer).
*"Abundant" fresh blood in the adventitia.
*+/-Changes of ''[[cystic medial degeneration]]''.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Aortic dissection (1) Victoria blue-HE.jpg | Aortic dissection. Victoria blue-H&E. (WC/KGH)
</gallery>
 
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case84.html Aortic dissection - autopsy (upmc.edu)].
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CVHTML/CV029.html Aortic dissection (utah.edu)].


==Cystic medial degeneration==
==Cystic medial degeneration==
*[[AKA]] ''cystic medial necrosis''.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''cystic medial necrosis''.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref>
===General===
{{Main|Cystic medial degeneration}}
*Nonspecific finding - may be seen in a number of conditions.
 
Note about ''cystic medial necrosis'':
*Often ''not'' cystic and ''not'' necrotic.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref><ref name=pmid17620463>{{cite journal |author=Ha HI, Seo JB, Lee SH, ''et al.'' |title=Imaging of Marfan syndrome: multisystemic manifestations |journal=Radiographics |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=989–1004 |year=2007 |pmid=17620463 |doi=10.1148/rg.274065171 |url=http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/4/989.full}}</ref>
*Basophilic ground substance in the media (seen on Movat's [[stain]]).
*Disruption of the elastic lamina (seen on elastic trichrome stain).
*+/-Focal necrosis.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_low_mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_high_mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_low_mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - movat - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - movat - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/4/989.full Marfan's syndrome (radiographics.rsna.org)].
 
===Stains===
*Elastin stains (e.g. [[elastic trichrome stain]]) - disruption of the elastic lamina.
*[[Movat's stain]] - basophilic ground substance in the media.


==Medial calcific sclerosis==
==Medial calcific sclerosis==
*[[AKA]] ''Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis'', ''calcific medial sclerosis of Monckeberg'', and ''Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis''.
[[AKA]] ''Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis'', ''calcific medial sclerosis of Monckeberg'', and ''Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis''.
===General===
{{Main|Medial calcific sclerosis}}
*Usually of no clinical consequence.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Klatt7>{{Ref Klatt|7}}</ref>
*Medial calcification (purple irregular stuff on [[H&E stain|H&E]] -- calcium phosphate).
 
Note:
*Lumen unaffected.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Calcificatio_atherosclerotica.jpg | MCS. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/COW/COW086.html Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis (med.utah.edu)].
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
RIGHT LEG, BELOW KNEE AMPUTATION:
- MINIMAL-TO-MILD LARGE VESSEL ATHEROSCLEROSIS, SEE COMMENT.
- MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS.
- SKIN WITH DERMAL FIBROSIS.
 
COMMENT:
The sections may not be representative of disease in the distal vascular bed.
</pre>


==Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis==
==Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis==
Michael
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