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'''Stomach''' is an important organ for pathologists.  It is often inflamed and may be a site that cancer arises from.  Gastroenterologists often biopsy the organ.  Surgeon take-out the organ.  It connects the [[esophagus]] to the [[duodenum]].  An introduction to gastrointestinal pathology is in the ''[[gastrointestinal pathology]]'' article.
[[Image:Gray1051.png|thumb|300px|A drawing of the stomach.]]
'''Stomach''' is an important organ for pathologists.  It is often inflamed and may be a site that cancer arises from.  Gastroenterologists often biopsy the organ.  Surgeons take-out the organ.  It connects the [[esophagus]] to the [[duodenum]].  An introduction to gastrointestinal pathology is in the ''[[gastrointestinal pathology]]'' article.


=Normal stomach=
=Normal stomach=
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Notes:
Notes:
*Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the gastric mucosa have a clear halo around 'em.<ref>Sternberg H4P 2nd Ed., P.484</ref>
*Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the gastric mucosa have a clear halo around 'em.<ref>Sternberg H4P 2nd Ed., P.484</ref>
*Memory device: '''F'''olveolar cells have '''f'''riends, i.e. they are close to other foveolar cells.
*Memory device: '''F'''oveolar cells have '''f'''riends, i.e. they are close to other foveolar cells.


===Gastric antrum versus gastric body===
===Gastric antrum versus gastric body===
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===Sign out===
===Sign out===
====Short version====
====Short version====
<pre>
Stomach, Biopsy:
- Antral-type gastric mucosa within normal limits.
</pre>
<pre>
Stomach, Biopsy:
- Body and antral-type gastric mucosa within normal limits.
</pre>
<pre>
Stomach, Biopsy:
- Antral-type gastric mucosa within normal limits.
- NEGATIVE for Helicobacter-like organisms.
</pre>
=====Block letters=====
<pre>
<pre>
STOMACH, BIOPSY:
STOMACH, BIOPSY:
Line 128: Line 146:


====Sleeve gastrectomy====
====Sleeve gastrectomy====
*Indication: morbid [[obesity]].
{{Main|Sleeve gastrectomy}}
<pre>
STOMACH, GREATER CURVE, SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY:
- STOMACH WALL WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
</pre>


=Introduction=
=Introduction=
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Note:
Note:
*Granulomas in Crohn's gastritis present 7-34% of the time.<ref name=Ref_GLP80>{{Ref GLP|80}}</ref>
*Granulomas in Crohn's gastritis present 7-34% of the time.<ref name=Ref_GLP80>{{Ref GLP|80}}</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Crohn's gastritis -- low mag.jpg | CG - low mag. (WC)
Image: Crohn's gastritis -- intermed mag.jpg | CG - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Crohn's gastritis -- high mag.jpg | CG - high mag. (WC)
Image: Crohn's gastritis -- very high mag.jpg | CG - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


=Miscellaneous=
=Miscellaneous=
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*[[AKA]] ''xanthelasma''.
*[[AKA]] ''xanthelasma''.
*[[AKA]] ''stomach lipidosis''.
*[[AKA]] ''stomach lipidosis''.
===General===
{{Main|Gastric xanthoma}}
*Uncommon.
*Benign.
 
===Gross/endoscopic===
*Yellowish nodule or plaque.<ref name=Ref_GLP111>{{Ref GLP|111}}</ref>
**Classically lesser curvature and antrum.<ref name=pmid6284833/>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_GLP111>{{Ref GLP|111}}</ref>
*Collections of gastric lamina propria with lipid-laden macrophages.
 
DDx:
*[[Signet ring cell carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid6284833>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Drude | first1 = RB. | last2 = Balart | first2 = LA. | last3 = Herrington | first3 = JP. | last4 = Beckman | first4 = EN. | last5 = Burns | first5 = TW. | title = Gastric xanthoma: histologic similarity to signet ring cell carcinoma. | journal = J Clin Gastroenterol | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 217-21 | month = Jun | year = 1982 | doi =  | PMID = 6284833 }}</ref>
*[[Whipple disease]].
*MAC infection.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
image:Xanthoma_histology.jpg | Xanthoma. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/hemeguy/2911032670/in/photostream/ GX - low mag. (flickr.com)].
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/hemeguy/2911031464/in/photostream GX - high mag. (flickr.com)].
 
===IHC===
*CD68 +ve.
*Panker (AE1/AE3) -ve.


==Gastric ischemia==
==Gastric ischemia==
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==Portal hypertensive gastropathy==
==Portal hypertensive gastropathy==
*Abbreviated ''PHG''.
*Abbreviated ''PHG''.
===General===
{{Main|Portal hypertensive gastropathy}}
*Due to [[portal hypertension]].
**Usually secondary to [[liver cirrhosis]] which is typically due to [[alcoholism]].
***Reported in approximately 65% of cirrhotics with portal hypertension in one paper.<ref name=pmid15648238>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mesihovic | first1 = R. | last2 = Prohic | first2 = D. | last3 = Gribajcevic | first3 = M. | last4 = Vanis | first4 = N. | last5 = Gornjakovic | first5 = S. | last6 = Sarac | first6 = A. | title = Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG). | journal = Med Arh | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 377-9 | month =  | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15648238 }}
</ref>
 
===Gross===
Features:<ref name=pmid12492178>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Thuluvath | first1 = PJ. | last2 = Yoo | first2 = HY. | title = Portal Hypertensive gastropathy. | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 97 | issue = 12 | pages = 2973-8 | month = Dec | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07094.x | PMID = 12492178 }}</ref>
*Mosaic-like pattern.
**May be referred to as [[Gastric snakeskin appearance|snakeskin-like pattern]].<ref name=pmid22211417/>
**Usu. body of stomach.
*+/-Red spots.
 
Note:
*May mimic [[eosinophilic gastritis]].<ref name=pmid22211417>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sikanderkhel | first1 = S. | last2 = Luthra | first2 = M. | last3 = Chavalitdhamrong | first3 = D. | title = Snakeskin-like pattern mimicking portal hypertensive gastropathy in patient with eosinophilic gastritis. | journal = Dig Endosc | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 53 | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2011.01155.x | PMID = 22211417 }}</ref>
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:PHGastro.jpg | PHG. (WC/Samir)
</gallery>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_GLP120-1>{{Ref GLP|120-1}}</ref>
*Dilated capillaries in the submucosa (prominent) and to a lesser extent in the lamina propria - '''key feature'''.
 
Notes:
*May be associated with [[hyperplastic polyp of the stomach|hyperplastic]]-like polyps.<ref name=pmid22002002>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lam | first1 = MC. | last2 = Tha | first2 = S. | last3 = Owen | first3 = D. | last4 = Haque | first4 = M. | last5 = Chatur | first5 = N. | last6 = Gray | first6 = JR. | last7 = Yoshida | first7 = EM. | title = Gastric polyps in patients with portal hypertension. | journal = Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol | volume = 23 | issue = 12 | pages = 1245-9 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834c15cf | PMID = 22002002 }}</ref>
**Subepithelial [[granulation tissue]] and vascular proliferation.
*Findings in mucosal biopsies are often [[specificity|nonspecific]], i.e. not diagnostic.<ref name=Ref_GLP120-1>{{Ref GLP|120-1}}</ref>
 
DDx:
*[[Gastric antral vascular ectasia]] - have thrombi in the dilated blood vessels.
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
STOMACH, BIOPSY:
- ANTRAL-TYPE AND BODY-TYPE GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH PROMINENT CAPILLARIES
AND MODERATE CHRONIC INACTIVE INFLAMMATION.
- NEGATIVE FOR HELICOBACTER-LIKE ORGANISMS.
- NEGATIVE FOR INTESTINAL METAPLASIA.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA AND NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
 
COMMENT:
No fibrin thrombi are seen.  The findings are compatible with portal hypertension.
Clinical correlation is required.
</pre>


==Amyloidosis of the stomach==
==Amyloidosis of the stomach==
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==Eosinophilic gastritis==
==Eosinophilic gastritis==
===General===
{{Main|Eosinophilic gastritis}}
*Rare.


===Gross===
==Proton pump inhibitor effect==
*+/-Snakeskin appearance.
*Abbreviated ''PPI effect''.
 
{{Main|Proton pump inhibitor effect}}
DDx:
*[[Portal hypertensive gastropathy]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Abundant eosinophils -- >=127 eosinophils/mm<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=pmid21169993/>
 
Notes:
*Normal range:<ref name=pmid21169993>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lwin | first1 = T. | last2 = Melton | first2 = SD. | last3 = Genta | first3 = RM. | title = Eosinophilic gastritis: histopathological characterization and quantification of the normal gastric eosinophil content. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 556-63 | month = Apr | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2010.221 | PMID = 21169993 }}</ref>
**<38 eosinophils/mm<sup>2</sup>.
***Typically ~16 eosinophils/mm<sup>2</sup>.
*Mild eosinophilia is seen in:<ref name=pmid21169993/>
**[[Crohn's disease]] ~ 31 eosinophils/mm<sup>2</sup> (range: 0-203 eosinophils/mm<sup>2</sup>).
**[[Helicobacter gastritis]] ~ 25 eosinophils/mm<sup>2</sup> (range: 0-219 eosinophils/mm<sup>2</sup>).


=Gastric polyps=
=Gastric polyps=
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==Gastric dysplasia==
==Gastric dysplasia==
:''Gastric adenoma'' directs here.
{{Main|Stomach adenoma}}
*[[AKA]] ''gastric columnar dysplasia''.
===General===
*Lesions that protrude into the lumen ''and'' are macroscopically apparent are known as: ''adenomas''.<ref name=pmid10680883>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rugge | first1 = M. | last2 = Correa | first2 = P. | last3 = Dixon | first3 = MF. | last4 = Hattori | first4 = T. | last5 = Leandro | first5 = G. | last6 = Lewin | first6 = K. | last7 = Riddell | first7 = RH. | last8 = Sipponen | first8 = P. | last9 = Watanabe | first9 = H. | title = Gastric dysplasia: the Padova international classification. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 167-76 | month = Feb | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10680883 }}</ref>
*Polypoid forms are grouped various ways.<ref name=pmid18384215>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Park | first1 = do Y. | last2 = Lauwers | first2 = GY. | title = Gastric polyps: classification and management. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 132 | issue = 4 | pages = 633-40 | month = Apr | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165(2008)132[633:GPCAM]2.0.CO;2 | PMID = 18384215 | url=http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/full/10.1043/1543-2165(2008)132%5B633:GPCAM%5D2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>
 
====Grading====
Like in the colon - they are divided into:
*Low grade.
*High grade.
 
====Subclassification====
One subclassification:<ref>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/gitumors/gastric-adenoma/printable.html http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/gitumors/gastric-adenoma/printable.html]. Accessed on: 18 December 2012.</ref>
*Intestinal: goblet cells or Paneth cells.
**Not associated with FAP.
*Gastric: foveolar epithelium.
**Associated with [[familial adenomatous polyposis]] (FAP).
 
===Microscopic===
*Histologic criteria similar to columnar dysplasia in the [[esophagus]].
**The threshold is much lower than in the colon and rectum.
 
====Foveolar type====
Features:
*Hyperchromasia at the surface - '''key feature'''.
*Cytoplasm with (shortened) champagne flute-like luminal aspect (apical mucin caps).
*Nuclear changes:
**Hyperchromasia.
**Enlargement.
*No intestinal metaplasia.
 
DDx:
*[[Gastric carcinoma]].
*[[Reactive changes]].
 
====Intestinal type====
Features - intestinal:
*[[Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach|Intestinal metaplasia]].
*Hyperchromasia of cytoplasm.
*Nuclear changes:
**Loss of nuclear polarity.
**Increased [[NC ratio]].
**Elongation of nucleus and pseudostratification.
 
DDx:
*[[Gastric carcinoma]].
*[[Reactive changes]].
*[[Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach|Intestinal metaplasia]].
 
=====Images=====
<gallery>
Image:Gastric_adenoma_(1).jpg | Gastric adenoma. (WC/KGH)
Image:Gastric_adenoma_(2).jpg | Gastric adenoma. (WC/KGH)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756231710001878 Gastric polyps - several images (sciencedirect.com)].
*[http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/1543-2165%282008%29132%5B633%3AGPCAM%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Gastric polyps - several images (achivesofpathology.org)].
 
====Grading====
=====Low-grade gastric dysplasia=====
Features:
*Nuclear changes:
**Nuclear crowding/pseudostratification with hyperchromasia.
**Elongation of nuclei (cigar-shaped nuclei).
**Nuclear stratification intact; nuclei close to the basement membrane.
*Architecture:
**Focal irregularities in the glandular contours.
 
Negatives:
*No desmoplasia.
*No necrosis.
*No surface maturation.
 
DDx:
*Indefinite for dysplasia.
*High-grade gastric columnar dysplasia - see below.
**The threshold is much lower than in the colon and rectum!
 
Images:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case431.html Low-grade gastric columnar dysplasia - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204467/figure/F4/ Gastric low-grade dysplasia (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid22076218>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kushima | first1 = R. | last2 = Kim | first2 = KM. | title = Interobserver Variation in the Diagnosis of Gastric Epithelial Dysplasia and Carcinoma between Two Pathologists in Japan and Korea. | journal = J Gastric Cancer | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 141-5 | month = Sep | year = 2011 | doi = 10.5230/jgc.2011.11.3.141 | PMID = 22076218 }}</ref>
=====High-grade gastric dysplasia=====
Features:
*Nuclear changes:
**Round hyperchromatic nuclei.
**Loss of normal nuclear stratification.
*Architecture:
**Irregularities in the glandular contours.
**Back-to-back glands.
**+/-Cribriforming of the glands.
**+/-Necrosis.
 
Negatives:
*No [[desmoplasia]].
 
DDx:
*Low-grade gastric columnar dysplasia.
*[[Gastric adenocarcinoma]].
 
=====Images=====
<gallery>
Image:High_grade_gastric_dysplasia_-_low_mag.jpg | High grade gastric dysplasia - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:High_grade_gastric_dysplasia_-_very_high_mag.jpg | High grade gastric dysplasia - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404600/figure/F8/ Gastric high-grade dysplasia - probably (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid22188910>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Correa | first1 = P. | last2 = Piazuelo | first2 = MB. | title = The gastric precancerous cascade. | journal = J Dig Dis | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 2-9 | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00550.x | PMID = 22188910 }}</ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204467/figure/F7/ Gastric high-grade dysplasia - probably (nih.gov)].
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204467/figure/F6/ Gastric high-grade dysplasia (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid22076218/>
 
===Sign out===
====Indefinite for dypslasia====
<pre>
STOMACH, ANTRUM, BIOPSIES:
- ANTRAL-TYPE MUCOSA INDEFINITE FOR DYSPLASIA WITH MODERATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.
- EXTENSIVE INTESTINAL METAPLASIA.
- NEGATIVE FOR HELICOBACTER-LIKE ORGANSIMS.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
</pre>
 
====Intestinal type====
<pre>
STOMACH, ANTRUM, BIOPSIES:
- ANTRAL-TYPE MUCOSA WITH FOCUS OF LOW-GRADE DYSPLASIA (INTESTINAL TYPE).
- EXTENSIVE INTESTINAL METAPLASIA.
- MODERATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.
- NEGATIVE FOR HELICOBACTER-LIKE ORGANSIMS.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
</pre>
 
====Foveolar type====
<pre>
STOMACH POLYP, EXCISION:
- ADENOMATOUS POLYP, FOVEOLAR TYPE.
- NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
- NEGATIVE FOR HELICOBACTER-LIKE ORGANISMS.
</pre>
 
====Foveolar type with high-grade dysplasia====
<pre>
STOMACH POLYP, EXCISION:
- LARGE ADENOMATOUS POLYP (FOVEOLAR TYPE) WITH HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
</pre>


==Gastric neuroendocrine tumour==
==Gastric neuroendocrine tumour==
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Features:
Features:
*Sheets of lymphoid cells.
*Sheets of lymphoid cells.
*"Lymphoepithelial lesion" - gastric crypts invaded by a monomorphous population of lymphocytes.<ref>Bailey, D. 6 August 2010.</ref>
*"[[Lymphoepithelial lesion]]" - gastric crypts invaded by a monomorphous population of lymphocytes.<ref>Bailey, D. 6 August 2010.</ref>
**Features:
**Features:
**# Cluster of lymphocytes - three cells or more - '''key feature'''.
**# Cluster of lymphocytes - three cells or more - '''key feature'''.
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Others:
Others:
*CD3 (T cells) - scatter positivity.
*CD3 (T cells) - scatter positivity.
*CD20 (B cells) +ve.
*[[CD20]] (B cells) +ve.
*CD138 (plasma cells).
*CD138 (plasma cells).
*kappa, lambda -- often one is predominant, suggesting clonality.
*kappa, lambda -- often one is predominant, suggesting clonality.
Line 703: Line 496:
! Other
! Other
|-
|-
| Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) syndrome  
| [[Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome|Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) syndrome]]
| CDH1 (E-cadherin)<ref>{{OMIM|192090}}</ref>
| CDH1 (E-cadherin)<ref>{{OMIM|192090}}</ref>
| diffuse - more specifically [[signet ring cell carcinoma]]
| diffuse - more specifically [[signet ring cell carcinoma]]
Line 729: Line 522:
|-
|-
| Familial breast and ovarian cancer 2<ref name=omim600185>{{OMIM|600185}}</ref>
| Familial breast and ovarian cancer 2<ref name=omim600185>{{OMIM|600185}}</ref>
| BRCA2
| [[BRCA2]]
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
|}
|}


==Gastric adenocarcinoma==
==Gastric carcinoma==
===General===
:Includes ''gastric adenocarcinoma''.
Epidemiology:
{{Main|Gastric carcinoma}}
*Prognosis is often poor as it is discovered at a late stage.
*Higher prevalence in countries in the far east (e.g. Japan) - thought to be environmental, e.g. diet.
 
Risk factors:
*Associated with helicobacter infections, i.e. [[Helicobacter gastritis]].
*[[Alcohol]] - heavy use.<ref name=pmid21993435>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Duell | first1 = EJ. | last2 = Travier | first2 = N. | last3 = Lujan-Barroso | first3 = L. | last4 = Clavel-Chapelon | first4 = F. | last5 = Boutron-Ruault | first5 = MC. | last6 = Morois | first6 = S. | last7 = Palli | first7 = D. | last8 = Krogh | first8 = V. | last9 = Panico | first9 = S. | title = Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. | journal = Am J Clin Nutr | volume = 94 | issue = 5 | pages = 1266-75 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.3945/ajcn.111.012351 | PMID = 21993435 }}</ref>
*Genetic syndromes - see [[hereditary gastric cancer]].
 
Note:
*Possible association with tobacco use - dependent on the study.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nomura | first1 = A. | last2 = Grove | first2 = JS. | last3 = Stemmermann | first3 = GN. | last4 = Severson | first4 = RK. | title = Cigarette smoking and stomach cancer. | journal = Cancer Res | volume = 50 | issue = 21 | pages = 7084 | month = Nov | year = 1990 | doi =  | PMID = 2208177 | URL = http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2208177}}</ref>
 
Treatment:
*Surgical excision. 
**Proximal tumours may require a complete gastrectomy as the stomach is innervated from its proximal part.
 
====Classification====
*Two different classification schemes.
**Lauren<ref name=pmid14320675>{{cite journal |author=LAUREN P |title=THE TWO HISTOLOGICAL MAIN TYPES OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA: DIFFUSE AND  SO-CALLED INTESTINAL-TYPE CARCINOMA. AN ATTEMPT AT A HISTO-CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION |journal=Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand |volume=64 |issue= |pages=31–49 |year=1965 |pmid=14320675 |doi= |url=}}</ref> - two types:
***Intestinal type (mass forming).
***Diffuse type (infiltrative).
**WHO classification - 6 subtypes for adenocarcinoma:<ref name=Ref_PBoD823>{{Ref PBoD |823}}</ref>
**#Papillary carcinoma.
**#Tubular carcinoma.
**#Mucinous carcinoma.
**#Signet-ring carcinoma.
**#Undifferentiated carcinoma.
**#[[Adenosquamous carcinoma]].
 
Lame memory device ''STOMACH'':
*'''S'''ignet ring, '''T'''ubular, '''O'''h papillary, '''M'''ucinous, '''A'''denosquamouas, '''C'''rappy '''H'''igh grade (Undifferentiated).
 
===Gross===
Location:
*Large carcinomas preferentially involve the lesser curvature.<ref name=pmid2550682>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yamagawa | first1 = H. | last2 = Onishi | first2 = T. | title = [A clinicopathological study of early gastric cancers with a diameter larger than five centimeters]. | journal = Gan No Rinsho | volume = 35 | issue = 10 | pages = 1114-8 | month = Sep | year = 1989 | doi =  | PMID = 2550682 }}</ref>
*Ulceration with heaped (raised) edges.
**Appearance of the typical intestinal type tumour.
*Diffuse wall thickening with loss of the rugae - called ''linitis plastica''.
**Typically due to diffuse carcinoma.
 
Main DDx of ulcer:
*[[Peptic ulcer disease]] - have a "punched-out" appearance: sharp edge, no granularity of surrounding mucosa.
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linitis_plastica.jpg Linitis plastica - endoscopic image (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg Ulcerating gastric carcinoma (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adenocarcinoma,_stomach,_gross_pathology_IMG0037a_lores.jpg Ulcerating gastric carcinoma (WC)].
 
===Microscopic===
Features - variable, either of the two following:
#"Typical adenocarcinoma":
#*Gland-forming lesion that infiltrates into the lamina propria or beyond.
#*Nuclear pleomorphism - common.
#+/-Signet ring carcinoma.
#*Scattered single cells in the lamina propria or beyond with:
#**Abundant cytoplasm containing one large (mucin-filled) vacuole.
#**A peripheral nucleus (displaced by the vacuole).
 
DDx:
*[[Gastric xanthoma]] - may mimic signet ring cell carcinoma.
*[[Neuroendocrine tumour]] - esp. for poorly differentiated; no gland formation.
 
====Grading====
*Moderately differentiated >=50 % glands.{{fact}}
*Poorly differentiated >=50% no glands (sheeting or nests).
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg | Gastric adenocarcinoma. (WC)
Image:Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_%282%29_PAS_stain.jpg | Gastric SRC - PAS stain. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case196.html Gastric adenocarcinoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
===Stains===
*Mucicarmine +ve.
 
===IHC===
*CK7 +ve.
*CK20 -ve, occasionally +ve.
 
Others:
*p53 +ve in upto 75% of cases.<ref name=pmid21772890>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Zali | first1 = MR. | last2 = Moaven | first2 = O. | last3 = Asadzadeh Aghdaee | first3 = H. | last4 = Ghafarzadegan | first4 = K. | last5 = Ahmadi | first5 = KJ. | last6 = Farzadnia | first6 = M. | last7 = Arabi | first7 = A. | last8 = Abbaszadegan | first8 = MR. | title = Clinicopathological significance of E-cadherin, β-catenin and p53 expression in gastric adenocarinoma. | journal = J Res Med Sci | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 239-47 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi =  | PMID = 21772890 }}</ref>
 
===Molecular===
*May have HER2 over expression - more common in intestinal-type tumours.<ref name=pmid22213295>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Romiti | first1 = A. | last2 = Di Rocco | first2 = R. | last3 = Milione | first3 = M. | last4 = Ruco | first4 = L. | last5 = Ziparo | first5 = V. | last6 = Zullo | first6 = A. | last7 = Duranti | first7 = E. | last8 = Sarcina | first8 = I. | last9 = Barucca | first9 = V. | title = Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 A (SSTR2A) and HER2 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma. | journal = Anticancer Res | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 115-9 | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi =  | PMID = 22213295 }}</ref>
**Poor prognosis - like in breast cancer.
**Scoring system different than in breast cancer - complete membrane staining is not required.
 
===Sign out===
====Biopsy====
=====Intestinal type=====
<pre>
STOMACH, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, INTESTINAL TYPE, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.
- Gastric mucosa with moderate chronic active inflammation and extensive
  intestinal metaplasia.
- Benign small bowel mucosa with erosions.
</pre>
 
<pre>
GASTRIC ULCER, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, INTESTINAL-TYPE, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.
</pre>
 
=====Diffuse type=====
<pre>
STOMACH, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, DIFFUSE TYPE.
 
COMMENT:
A pankeratin immunostain demonstrates single (infiltrating) epithelial cells in the
lamina propria.
</pre>
 
=====Micro=====
The tumour consists of single cells with abundant foamy-appearing cytoplasm and eccentric
nuclei with mild nuclear atypia.
 
=====Poorly differentiated=====
<pre>
GASTRIC ULCER, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, POORLY-DIFFERENTIATED.
</pre>


=See also=
=See also=
Michael
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