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Difference between revisions of "Stains"
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This article deals with '''stains'''. H&E isn't the only stain out there... | This article deals with '''stains'''. H&E isn't the only stain out there... | ||
=Where to start...= | |||
==Principles== | |||
When considering additional (i.e. special) stains one should (in order) do the following:<ref>LAE. 13 July 2010.</ref> | When considering additional (i.e. special) stains one should (in order) do the following:<ref>LAE. 13 July 2010.</ref> | ||
# Make sure one has exhausted the clinical history; history is considered the best special stain. | # Make sure one has exhausted the clinical history; history is considered the best special stain. | ||
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# Molecular testing, electron microscopy. | # Molecular testing, electron microscopy. | ||
==Common stains== | |||
# [[H&E stain]]. | # [[H&E stain]]. | ||
# [[PAS stain]]. | # [[PAS stain]]. | ||
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# [[Gram stain]]. | # [[Gram stain]]. | ||
=Immunohistochemistry= | |||
{{main|Immunohistochemistry}} | {{main|Immunohistochemistry}} | ||
==General== | |||
*Abbreviated ''IHC''. | *Abbreviated ''IHC''. | ||
==Interpretation== | |||
Simple version: | Simple version: | ||
*Positive is (usually): ''brown''. | *Positive is (usually): ''brown''. | ||
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*In some situations you're blessed with an ''internal control'', e.g. in renal tumours CD10 will stain [[RCC]] and the ''proximal tubule'', in GISTs - CD117 the mast cells are positive. | *In some situations you're blessed with an ''internal control'', e.g. in renal tumours CD10 will stain [[RCC]] and the ''proximal tubule'', in GISTs - CD117 the mast cells are positive. | ||
=Work-up of infection= | |||
It often not possible to be definitive by staining.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woods GL, Walker DH |title=Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=382-404 |year=1996 |month=July |pmid=8809467 |pmc=172900 |doi= |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8809467}}</ref> | It often not possible to be definitive by staining.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woods GL, Walker DH |title=Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=382-404 |year=1996 |month=July |pmid=8809467 |pmc=172900 |doi= |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8809467}}</ref> | ||
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*PAS (''or'' PAS-D) - fungal stain. | *PAS (''or'' PAS-D) - fungal stain. | ||
==Fungi== | |||
{{main|Microorganisms}} | {{main|Microorganisms}} | ||
=Specific stains= | |||
What follows is a big list... of stains. | What follows is a big list... of stains. | ||
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Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF]</ref> | Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF]</ref> | ||
==Cresyl violet== | ==Cresyl violet stain== | ||
*Everything is shades of blue. | *Everything is shades of blue. | ||
*Used at some places (e.g. SMH) to look for Helicobacter organisms. | *Used at some places (e.g. SMH) to look for Helicobacter organisms. | ||
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Ref.: <ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF]</ref> | Ref.: <ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF]</ref> | ||
==Mucicarmine== | ==Mucicarmine stain== | ||
*Stains some mucins... uses the dye ''carmine''. | *Stains some mucins... uses the dye ''carmine''. | ||
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How to remember? A.: Primary colours (red, blue, yellow) + black. | How to remember? A.: Primary colours (red, blue, yellow) + black. | ||
==Masson's trichrome== | ==Masson's trichrome stain== | ||
===General use=== | ===General use=== | ||
*Collagen vs. muscle. | *Collagen vs. muscle. | ||
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Notes: <Ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF]</ref> | Notes: <Ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF]</ref> | ||
===Elastic trichrome=== | ===Elastic trichrome stain=== | ||
General: | General: | ||
*"Elastic trichrome" is one important variant of ''Masson's trichrome''. | *"Elastic trichrome" is one important variant of ''Masson's trichrome''. | ||
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*Pink = other structures/background. | *Pink = other structures/background. | ||
Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF]</ref> | Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref> | ||
==Hale's colloidal iron== | ==Hale's colloidal iron stain== | ||
===Use=== | ===Use=== | ||
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]] vs. oncocytoma; +ve in chromophobe [[renal cell carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid9537468>{{cite journal |author=Tickoo SK, Amin MB, Zarbo RJ |title=Colloidal iron staining in renal epithelial neoplasms, including chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: emphasis on technique and patterns of staining |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=419–24 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9537468 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0147-5185&volume=22&issue=4&spage=419}}</ref> | *[[Renal cell carcinoma]] vs. oncocytoma; +ve in chromophobe [[renal cell carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid9537468>{{cite journal |author=Tickoo SK, Amin MB, Zarbo RJ |title=Colloidal iron staining in renal epithelial neoplasms, including chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: emphasis on technique and patterns of staining |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=419–24 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9537468 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0147-5185&volume=22&issue=4&spage=419}}</ref> | ||
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*A few staff think this is a totally useless stain.<ref>ALS several occasions - 2009.</ref> | *A few staff think this is a totally useless stain.<ref>ALS several occasions - 2009.</ref> | ||
==von Kossa== | ==von Kossa stain== | ||
===Use=== | ===Use=== | ||
*Look for calcium. | *Look for calcium. | ||
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*Blood films. | *Blood films. | ||
===May-Grünwald-Giemsa=== | ===May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain=== | ||
*A variant of the ''Romanowsky stain''; popular in Europe. | *A variant of the ''Romanowsky stain''; popular in Europe. | ||
*Abbreviated ''MGG''. | *Abbreviated ''MGG''. | ||
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*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urine_citology_urothelial_carcinoma_2.jpg Pap stain - urine cytology (wikimedia.org)]. | *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urine_citology_urothelial_carcinoma_2.jpg Pap stain - urine cytology (wikimedia.org)]. | ||
==Fontana-Masson== | ==Fontana-Masson stain== | ||
*AKA ''Fontana-Masson stain for melanin'', ''melanin stain''. | *AKA ''Fontana-Masson stain for melanin'', ''melanin stain''. | ||
*A type of silver stain. | *A type of silver stain. | ||
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Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref> | Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref> | ||
==Martius scarlet blue== | ==Martius scarlet blue stain== | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
*Stains connective tissue and fibrin.<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref> | *Stains connective tissue and fibrin.<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref> | ||
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*??? = Copper associated protein. | *??? = Copper associated protein. | ||
=See also= | |||
*[[Immunohistochemistry]]. | *[[Immunohistochemistry]]. | ||
*[[Basics]]. | *[[Basics]]. | ||
=References= | |||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
=External links= | |||
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MANUALS.html Procedure manuals] - med.utah.edu. | *[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MANUALS.html Procedure manuals] - med.utah.edu. | ||
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html Special stains (introduction)] - med.utah.edu. | *[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html Special stains (introduction)] - med.utah.edu. | ||