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[[Image:Ovarian carcinoma.JPG|thumb|250px|right|[[Gross pathology|Gross]] photo of a [[malignant]] ovarian tumour. (WC/Doc James)]] | |||
The article examines '''ovarian tumours''' including '''ovarian cancer'''. | The article examines '''ovarian tumours''' including '''ovarian cancer'''. | ||
An introduction to the ovary is in the ''[[ovary]]'' article, which also deals benign cysts. | An introduction to the ovary is in the ''[[ovary]]'' article, which also deals benign cysts. | ||
==Classification | What was labeled "ovarian cancer" in the past may really arise from [[fallopian tube]].<ref name=pmid19574767>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hirst | first1 = JE. | last2 = Gard | first2 = GB. | last3 = McIllroy | first3 = K. | last4 = Nevell | first4 = D. | last5 = Field | first5 = M. | title = High rates of occult fallopian tube cancer diagnosed at prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. | journal = Int J Gynecol Cancer | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 826-9 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a1b5dc | PMID = 19574767 }}</ref> The label ''tubo-ovarian cancer'' | ||
has been advocated to address this change. These tumours are dealt with in this article. | |||
=Clinical= | |||
Gynecologists use a scoring system to help decide which patients need surgery and estimate their pre-op risk of malignancy. | |||
===Risk of malignancy index=== | |||
*Abbreviated ''RMI''. | |||
*There are two versions.<ref name=ukguide>URL: [http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/75/section3.html http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/75/section3.html]. Accessed on: 16 September 2011.</ref> | |||
====Definition==== | |||
:<math>RMI\ score = ultrasound\ score\ *\ menopausal\ score\ *\ CA125\ level\ [U/ml].</math> | |||
====Elements==== | |||
Elements & points (RMI 2):<ref name=ukguide>URL: [http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/75/section3.html http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/75/section3.html]. Accessed on: 16 September 2011.</ref> | |||
#Ultrasound features. | |||
#*Significant findings: multilocular cyst, solid component, bilateral lesions, ascites, suspected intra-abdominal [[metastases]] (one finding=1 point, two or more findings=4 points). | |||
#Menopause/pre-menopause status (menopausal=4 points, pre-menopausal=1 point). | |||
#CA-125 (blood test) in ''U/ml''. | |||
====Interpretation==== | |||
*RMI > 200 -- predicts malignancy. | |||
=Classification= | |||
===The Latta rule of fives=== | ===The Latta rule of fives=== | ||
Can be divided as follows:<ref name=Ref_PBoD1093>{{Ref PBoD|1093}}</ref><ref>LAE. 22 October 2009.</ref> | Can be divided as follows:<ref name=Ref_PBoD1093>{{Ref PBoD|1093}}</ref><ref>LAE. 22 October 2009.</ref> | ||
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# [[Germ cell tumours]] (GCTs). | # [[Germ cell tumours]] (GCTs). | ||
# Metastatic tumours. | # Metastatic tumours. | ||
# Rare stuff that doesn't fit in any of the above (e.g. [[leiomyoma]], [[angiosarcoma]]). | # Rare stuff that doesn't fit in any of the above (e.g. [[leiomyoma]], [[angiosarcoma]], [[ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type]]). | ||
Surface epithelial tumours: | Surface epithelial tumours: | ||
# Serous. | # [[Serous carcinoma of the ovary|Serous carcinoma]]. | ||
# Endometrioid. | #* High-grade serous carcinoma. † | ||
# Mucinous. | #* Low-grade serous carcinoma. | ||
# Transitional cell tumours<ref name=Ref_WMSP401>{{Ref WMSP|401}}</ref> | # [[Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary|Endometrioid carcinoma]]. | ||
# [[Mucinous carcinoma of the ovary|Mucinous carcinoma]]. | |||
# [[Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary|Clear cell carcinoma]]. | |||
# [[Brenner tumour]]. | |||
Note: | |||
* † Transitional cell tumours<ref name=Ref_WMSP401>{{Ref WMSP|401}}</ref> are now grouped with high-grade serous carcinoma.<ref name=pmid23681072>{{Cite journal | last1 = Takeuchi | first1 = T. | last2 = Ohishi | first2 = Y. | last3 = Imamura | first3 = H. | last4 = Aman | first4 = M. | last5 = Shida | first5 = K. | last6 = Kobayashi | first6 = H. | last7 = Kato | first7 = K. | last8 = Oda | first8 = Y. | title = Ovarian transitional cell carcinoma represents a poorly differentiated form of high-grade serous or endometrioid adenocarcinoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 1091-9 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182834d41 | PMID = 23681072 }}</ref><ref name=pmid23018212>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ali | first1 = RH. | last2 = Seidman | first2 = JD. | last3 = Luk | first3 = M. | last4 = Kalloger | first4 = S. | last5 = Gilks | first5 = CB. | title = Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary is related to high-grade serous carcinoma and is distinct from malignant brenner tumor. | journal = Int J Gynecol Pathol | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 499-506 | month = Nov | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PGP.0b013e31824d7445 | PMID = 23018212 }}</ref> | |||
Sex cord stromal tumours: | Sex cord stromal tumours: | ||
#Granulosa cell tumour (adult type, juvenile type). | #[[Granulosa cell tumour]] ([[Adult granulosa cell tumour|adult type]], [[Juvenile granulosa cell tumour|juvenile type]]). | ||
#Sertoli cell tumour. | #[[Sertoli cell tumour]]. | ||
#Leydig cell tumour. | #[[Leydig cell tumour]]. | ||
#Fibroma. | #[[Ovarian fibroma|Fibroma]]. | ||
#Thecoma. | #[[Thecoma]]. | ||
Germ cell tumours: | [[Germ cell tumours]]: | ||
#Dysgerminoma. | #[[Dysgerminoma]]. | ||
#Endodermal sinus tumour (yolk sac tumour). | #Endodermal sinus tumour ([[yolk sac tumour]]). | ||
#Embryonal | #[[Embryonal carcinoma]]. | ||
#Choriocarcinoma. | #[[Choriocarcinoma]]. | ||
#Teratoma. | #[[Teratoma]]. | ||
=Common special tumours= | |||
===Endometriosis-related tumours=== | ===Endometriosis-related tumours=== | ||
Tumours associated with endometriosis:<ref>LAE. 22 October 2009.</ref> | Tumours associated with endometriosis:<ref>LAE. 22 October 2009.</ref> | ||
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**Granulosa-theca cell tumour. | **Granulosa-theca cell tumour. | ||
= | =A morphologic approach= | ||
Where is the tumour arising? | Where is the tumour arising? | ||
*Central location -- think GCTs and SCST. | *Central location -- think GCTs and SCST. | ||
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"[[Dirty necrosis]]": | "[[Dirty necrosis]]": | ||
* | *Definition: cellular debris within gland lumen.<ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/genetics-terms-alphalist/all#D http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/genetics-terms-alphalist/all#D]. Accessed on: 14 September 2011.</ref> | ||
*Characteristic of colorectal adenocarcinoma, may be absent in ovarian tumours -- limited value.<ref name=pmid9421090>{{cite journal |author=DeCostanzo DC, Elias JM, Chumas JC |title=Necrosis in 84 ovarian carcinomas: a morphologic study of primary versus metastatic colonic carcinoma with a selective immunohistochemical analysis of cytokeratin subtypes and carcinoembryonic antigen |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=245–9 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9421090 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Characteristic of colorectal adenocarcinoma, may be absent in ovarian tumours -- limited value.<ref name=pmid9421090>{{cite journal |author=DeCostanzo DC, Elias JM, Chumas JC |title=Necrosis in 84 ovarian carcinomas: a morphologic study of primary versus metastatic colonic carcinoma with a selective immunohistochemical analysis of cytokeratin subtypes and carcinoembryonic antigen |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=245–9 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9421090 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
=Grading of ovarian cancer= | |||
*Silverberg grading system,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silverberg SG |title=Histopathologic grading of ovarian carcinoma: a review and proposal |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=7-15 |year=2000 |month=January |pmid=10638449 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0277-1691&volume=19&issue=1&spage=7}}</ref> aka ''universal grading system''. | *Silverberg grading system,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silverberg SG |title=Histopathologic grading of ovarian carcinoma: a review and proposal |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=7-15 |year=2000 |month=January |pmid=10638449 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0277-1691&volume=19&issue=1&spage=7}}</ref> aka ''universal grading system''. | ||
*Based on ''pattern'', ''cytologic atypia'' and ''mitotic rate''. | *Based on ''pattern'', ''cytologic atypia'' and ''mitotic rate''. | ||
*System somewhat similar to [[breast]] grading, which can be remembered as: '' | *System somewhat similar to [[breast]] grading, which can be remembered as: ''TNM'' (tubular formation, [[nuclear atypia]], mitotic rate). | ||
===Silverberg system=== | ===Silverberg system=== | ||
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*Grade III = 8-9. | *Grade III = 8-9. | ||
Note | Note: | ||
*Most resident microscopes have an eyepiece diameter of 22 mm. Thus, the approximate field diameter is 0.55 mm (22 mm/40 X = 0.55 mm), at highest magnification, and the field area is 0.23758 mm^2 (pi*(0.55/2)^2=0.23758 mm^2). | *Most resident microscopes have an eyepiece diameter of 22 mm. Thus, the approximate field diameter is 0.55 mm (22 mm/40 X = 0.55 mm), at highest magnification, and the field area is 0.23758 mm^2 (pi*(0.55/2)^2=0.23758 mm^2). | ||
*The number of HPFs should be adjusted if the area per field is different than 0.345 mm^2. | *The number of HPFs should be adjusted if the area per field is different than 0.345 mm^2. | ||
**If the field diameter is 0.55 mm and the sample area is 3.45 mm^2, this is equivalent to 14.52 HPFs (3.45 mm^2 / 0.23758 mm^2 = 14.52); thus, it would be appropriate to use 15 HPFs and the cut points above. | **If the field diameter is 0.55 mm and the sample area is 3.45 mm^2, this is equivalent to 14.52 HPFs (3.45 mm^2 / 0.23758 mm^2 = 14.52); thus, it would be appropriate to use 15 HPFs and the cut points above. | ||
===Predictive power of Silverberg grading=== | |||
=== | |||
Good correlation with five year survival (rounded values):<ref name=pmid12496698>{{cite journal |author=Sato Y, Shimamoto T, Amada S, Asada Y, Hayashi T |title=Prognostic value of histologic grading of ovarian carcinomas |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=52-6 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12496698 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0277-1691&volume=22&issue=1&spage=52}}</ref> | Good correlation with five year survival (rounded values):<ref name=pmid12496698>{{cite journal |author=Sato Y, Shimamoto T, Amada S, Asada Y, Hayashi T |title=Prognostic value of histologic grading of ovarian carcinomas |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=52-6 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12496698 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0277-1691&volume=22&issue=1&spage=52}}</ref> | ||
*Grade I = 90%. | *Grade I = 90%. | ||
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*Grade III = 40%. | *Grade III = 40%. | ||
== | ==Peritoneal implants== | ||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
* | Applies only to: | ||
*[[Serous borderline tumour]]. | |||
*[[Seromucinous borderline tumour]]. | |||
There are two types: | ====Classification==== | ||
There are two types:<ref name=pmid17727474>{{Cite journal | last1 = Stewart | first1 = CJ. | last2 = Brennan | first2 = BA. | last3 = Crook | first3 = ML. | last4 = Russell | first4 = P. | title = Value of elastin staining in the assessment of peritoneal implants associated with ovarian serous borderline tumours. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 313-21 | month = Sep | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02789.x | PMID = 17727474 }}</ref> | |||
*Invasive implants -- malignant cells within the | #Non-invasive implants. | ||
#*Subdivided into: | |||
#*#Epithelial. | |||
#*#Desmoplastic. | |||
#Invasive implants -- malignant cells within the stroma. | |||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
*Invasive implants are significant clinically. | *Invasive implants are significant clinically. | ||
*Non-invasive implants have little clinical significance. | *Non-invasive implants have little clinical significance. | ||
===Microscopic=== | |||
====Non-invasive implant==== | |||
Features (non-invasive implant epithelial-type):<ref name=pmid3179935>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bell | first1 = DA. | last2 = Weinstock | first2 = MA. | last3 = Scully | first3 = RE. | title = Peritoneal implants of ovarian serous borderline tumors. Histologic features and prognosis. | journal = Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 10 | pages = 2212-22 | month = Nov | year = 1988 | doi = | PMID = 3179935 }}</ref> | |||
*Papillary proliferation on surface. | |||
*+/-Smooth contoured invagination into: | |||
**Submesothelium. | |||
**Omental fat lobules. | |||
*No "stromal response": | |||
**Fibrosis. | |||
*+/-[[Psammoma bodies]]. | |||
Features (non-invasive implant desmoplastic-type):<ref name=pmid3179935>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bell | first1 = DA. | last2 = Weinstock | first2 = MA. | last3 = Scully | first3 = RE. | title = Peritoneal implants of ovarian serous borderline tumors. Histologic features and prognosis. | journal = Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 10 | pages = 2212-22 | month = Nov | year = 1988 | doi = | PMID = 3179935 }}</ref> | |||
*Stromal reaction restricted to the: | |||
**Serosal surface. | |||
**Fibrous septae. | |||
*+/-[[Psammoma bodies]]. | |||
Note: | |||
*No "destructive invasion". | |||
**Irregular infiltration. | |||
====Invasive implant==== | |||
Features (invasive implant):<ref name=pmid3179935/> | |||
*Irregular infiltration of tumour into the submesothelial tissue - '''key feature''' - characterized by: | |||
**+/-Solid nests. | |||
**+/-Small glands +/- irregular "bridging" connections between glands - '''common'''. | |||
*Nuclear atypia - '''common'''. | |||
*+/-[[Psammoma bodies]]. | |||
===Stains=== | |||
*Elastin stain:<ref name=pmid17727474/> | |||
**Non-invasive implants are sit superficial to the peritoneal elastic lamina (PEL). | |||
**Invasive implants are deep to the PEL. | |||
Note: | |||
*Elastin layer is '''not''' present in the omentum. | |||
===IHC=== | |||
*Elastin stain. | |||
=Staging of ovarian cancer= | |||
*The CAP protocol talks of in the pelvis and outside the pelvis - pT2 versus pT3. | |||
*Omental involvement is considered outside the pelvis; it is pT3.<ref>URL: [http://ovariancancer.about.com/od/testsdiagnosis/a/FIGO_stages.htm http://ovariancancer.about.com/od/testsdiagnosis/a/FIGO_stages.htm]. Accessed on: 8 July 2013.</ref> | |||
=Surface epithelial tumours= | =Surface epithelial tumours= | ||
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**Columnar cells. | **Columnar cells. | ||
**Cilia. | **Cilia. | ||
**Psammoma bodies. | **[[Psammoma bodies]]. | ||
**Papillae. | **Papillae. | ||
*Endometrioid: | *Endometrioid: | ||
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'''Where to start when considering a malignant (epithelial) tumour of the ovary:''' | '''Where to start when considering a malignant (epithelial) tumour of the ovary:''' | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
!Features | |||
! Serous | |||
! Endometrioid | |||
! Mucinous | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Histology | ||
| low grade: cilia, columnar cells, [[psammoma bodies]], papillary arch.; high grade: marked nuclear pleomorphism, prominent [[red nucleoli]], [[psammoma bodies]] | |||
| gland forming - esp. cribriforming, endometrium-like | |||
| mucinous glands, colon-like | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Differentiators | |Differentiators | ||
| cilia, [[psammoma bodies]] | |||
| squamous metaplasia | |||
| mucin, often lack of [[necrosis]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Associations | |Associations | ||
| atrophy | |||
| [[endometriosis]], [[endometrial hyperplasia]] | |||
| (?) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Typical age | |Typical age | ||
| usually 60s+ | |||
| 40-60 | |||
| varies (?) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Grade | |Grade | ||
| typically high grade | |||
| typically low grade | |||
| often low | |||
|- | |- | ||
|IHC | |IHC | ||
| p53 +ve (diffuse), WT-1 +ve, CA-125 +ve, D2-40 +ve | |||
| WT-1 -ve | |||
| CK7 +ve, CK20 +ve (other tumours CK7 +ve, CK20 -ve) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Main DDx | |Main DDx | ||
| poorly diff. endometrioid | |||
| serous | |||
| metastatic tumour (usually GI) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Serous tumours== | ==Serous tumours - overview== | ||
===Classification<ref>PBoD | ===General=== | ||
*Most common malignant ovarian tumour. | |||
====Classification==== | |||
Based on features predictive of behaviour:<ref name=Ref_PBoD1096>{{Ref PBoD |1096}}</ref> | |||
*Benign. | *Benign. | ||
*Borderline. | *Borderline. | ||
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*Malignant. | *Malignant. | ||
**Cytologic atypia. | **Cytologic atypia. | ||
** | **+/-Papillae. | ||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
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**Columnar. | **Columnar. | ||
*Papillae. | *Papillae. | ||
*Psammoma bodies (concentric | *[[Psammoma bodies]] (concentric [[calcification]]s). | ||
Note: | Note: | ||
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*Psammoma bodies may be seen in [[endosalpingiosis]].<ref name=pmid1774734>{{cite journal |author=Hallman KB, Nahhas WA, Connelly PJ |title=Endosalpingiosis as a source of psammoma bodies in a Papanicolaou smear. A case report |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=675–8 |year=1991 |month=September |pmid=1774734 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Psammoma bodies may be seen in [[endosalpingiosis]].<ref name=pmid1774734>{{cite journal |author=Hallman KB, Nahhas WA, Connelly PJ |title=Endosalpingiosis as a source of psammoma bodies in a Papanicolaou smear. A case report |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=675–8 |year=1991 |month=September |pmid=1774734 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
== | ==Serous carcinoma of the ovary== | ||
* | *[[AKA]] ''ovarian [[serous carcinoma]]''. | ||
{{Main|Serous carcinoma of the ovary}} | |||
=== | ==Serous cystadenoma of the ovary== | ||
*[[AKA]] ''ovarian serous cystadenoma''. | |||
* | *Related to ''adenofibroma'' and ''serous cystadenofibroma''. | ||
* | {{Main|Serous cystadenoma of the ovary}} | ||
==Ovarian serous borderline tumour== | |||
*[[AKA]] ''serous borderline tumour of the ovary''. | |||
*[[AKA]] ''serous tumour of low malignant potential of the ovary'', abbreviated ''SLMP''.<ref name=pmid10836293>{{Cite journal | last1 = Seidman | first1 = JD. | last2 = Kurman | first2 = RJ. | title = Ovarian serous borderline tumors: a critical review of the literature with emphasis on prognostic indicators. | journal = Hum Pathol | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 539-57 | month = May | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 10836293 }}</ref><ref name=pmid10881733>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dietel | first1 = M. | last2 = Hauptmann | first2 = S. | title = Serous tumors of low malignant potential of the ovary. 1. Diagnostic pathology. | journal = Virchows Arch | volume = 436 | issue = 5 | pages = 403-12 | month = May | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 10881733 }}</ref> | |||
{{Main|Serous borderline tumour}} | |||
==Mucinous ovarian tumours== | |||
=== | ==General== | ||
*Common. | |||
*Tumours may be heterogenous; benign appearing epithelium may be beside clearly malignant epithelium. | |||
* | *Good sampling of mucinous tumours, i.e. many blocks, is important to lessen the chance of undercalling them. | ||
* | |||
* | |||
===Subtypes=== | ===Subtypes=== | ||
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Comparison of mucosa: | Comparison of mucosa: | ||
*Normal endocervical mucosa: [http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/Histo_course/endocx.jpg endocervical mucosa]. | *Normal endocervical mucosa: [http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/Histo_course/endocx.jpg endocervical mucosa (duke.edu)]. | ||
*Normal | *Normal gastric mucosa: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg gastric mucosa (WC)]. | ||
===Classification=== | ===Classification=== | ||
*Benign. (Dx: mucinous cystadenoma) | *Benign. (Dx: [[Mucinous_cystadenoma_of_the_ovary|mucinous cystadenoma]] ''or'' mucinous adenofibroma ''or'' mucinous cystadenofibroma) | ||
**Single layer of cells. | **Single layer of cells. | ||
*Borderline. (Dx: ''mucinous tumour of uncertain malignant potential'' or ''borderline mucinous tumour'') | *Borderline. (Dx: ''mucinous tumour of uncertain malignant potential'' or ''borderline mucinous tumour'') | ||
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**Usually intestinal subtype. | **Usually intestinal subtype. | ||
==Seromucinous borderline tumour of the ovary== | |||
* | *[[AKA]] ''endocervical-type mucinous and mixed cell-type tumour''.<ref name=pmid12459620>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shappell | first1 = HW. | last2 = Riopel | first2 = MA. | last3 = Smith Sehdev | first3 = AE. | last4 = Ronnett | first4 = BM. | last5 = Kurman | first5 = RJ. | title = Diagnostic criteria and behavior of ovarian seromucinous (endocervical-type mucinous and mixed cell-type) tumors: atypical proliferative (borderline) tumors, intraepithelial, microinvasive, and invasive carcinomas. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 26 | issue = 12 | pages = 1529-41 | month = Dec | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12459620 }}</ref> | ||
===General=== | |||
*Rare. | |||
*Associated with [[endometriosis]]. | |||
===Gross=== | |||
*Mucin-filled cysts. | |||
Image: | |||
*[http://alf3.urz.unibas.ch/pathopic/e/getpic-fra.cfm?id=009520 Seromucinous borderline tumor of the ovary (unibas.ch)]. | |||
* | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
Features: | Features: | ||
#Simple mucinous epithelium - endocervical type.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shappell | first1 = HW. | last2 = Riopel | first2 = MA. | last3 = Smith Sehdev | first3 = AE. | last4 = Ronnett | first4 = BM. | last5 = Kurman | first5 = RJ. | title = Diagnostic criteria and behavior of ovarian seromucinous (endocervical-type mucinous and mixed cell-type) tumors: atypical proliferative (borderline) tumors, intraepithelial, microinvasive, and invasive carcinomas. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 26 | issue = 12 | pages = 1529-41 | month = Dec | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12459620 }}</ref> | |||
#*Tall columnar epithelium with apical pale cytoplasm. | |||
#Simple serous epithelium - with cilia. | |||
* | |||
==Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary== | |||
* | *[[AKA]] ''ovarian mucinous cystadenoma''. | ||
{{Main|Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary}} | |||
==Mucinous borderline tumour of the ovary== | |||
*[ | *[[AKA]] ''ovarian mucinous borderline tumour''. | ||
*[ | *[[AKA]] ''ovarian mucinous tumour of low malignant potential''.<ref name=pmid21464732>{{Cite journal | last1 = Khunamornpong | first1 = S. | last2 = Settakorn | first2 = J. | last3 = Sukpan | first3 = K. | last4 = Suprasert | first4 = P. | last5 = Siriaunkgul | first5 = S. | title = Mucinous tumor of low malignant potential (borderline or atypical proliferative tumor) of the ovary: a study of 171 cases with the assessment of intraepithelial carcinoma and microinvasion. | journal = Int J Gynecol Pathol | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 218-30 | month = May | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181fcf01a | PMID = 21464732 }}</ref> | ||
{{Main|Mucinous borderline tumour of the ovary}} | |||
== | ==Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary== | ||
* | *[[AKA]] ''ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma''. | ||
*[[AKA]] ''ovarian mucinous carcinoma''. | |||
{{Main|Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary}} | |||
==Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary== | |||
*[[AKA]] ''endometrioid ovarian carcinoma''. | |||
*[[AKA]] ''endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary''. | |||
*[[AKA]] ''ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma''. | |||
{{Main|Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary}} | |||
== | ==Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary== | ||
*[[AKA]] ''ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma'', abbreviated ''OCCC''. | |||
* | *[[AKA]] ''ovarian clear cell carcinoma''. | ||
* | *[[AKA]] ''clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary''. | ||
{{Main|Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary}} | |||
== | ==Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary== | ||
{{Main|Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary}} | |||
==Brenner tumour== | ==Brenner tumour== | ||
{{Main|Brenner tumour}} | |||
=Germ cell tumours= | =Germ cell tumours= | ||
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Dysgerminoma vs lymphoma: | Dysgerminoma vs lymphoma: | ||
* Dysgerminoma has "squared-off" nuclei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker P, Oliva E |title=A practical approach to intraoperative consultation in gynecological pathology |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=353?65 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18580313 |doi=10.1097/PGP.0b013e31815c24fe |url=}}</ref> i.e. the nuclei look are polygonal-shaped. | * Dysgerminoma has "squared-off" nuclei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker P, Oliva E |title=A practical approach to intraoperative consultation in gynecological pathology |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=353?65 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18580313 |doi=10.1097/PGP.0b013e31815c24fe |url=}}</ref> i.e. the nuclei look are polygonal-shaped. | ||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case356.html Dysgerminoma - several cases (upmc.edu)]. | |||
==Gonadoblastoma== | ==Gonadoblastoma== | ||
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=Metastatic ovarian tumours= | =Metastatic ovarian tumours= | ||
{{Main|Ovarian metastasis}} | |||
=Sex cord stromal tumours= | =Sex cord stromal tumours= | ||
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*Most are positive for alpha-inhibin.<ref name=pmid16810055>{{cite journal |author=Roth LM |title=Recent advances in the pathology and classification of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=199–215 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16810055 |doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000192271.22289.e6 |url=}}</ref> | *Most are positive for alpha-inhibin.<ref name=pmid16810055>{{cite journal |author=Roth LM |title=Recent advances in the pathology and classification of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=199–215 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16810055 |doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000192271.22289.e6 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Most are positive for calretinin -- considered more sensitive than alpha-inhibin.<ref name=pmid12409724>{{Cite journal | last1 = Movahedi-Lankarani | first1 = S. | last2 = Kurman | first2 = RJ. | title = Calretinin, a more sensitive but less specific marker than alpha-inhibin for ovarian sex cord-stromal neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study of 215 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 26 | issue = 11 | pages = 1477-83 | month = Nov | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12409724 }}</ref> | *Most are positive for calretinin -- considered more sensitive than alpha-inhibin.<ref name=pmid12409724>{{Cite journal | last1 = Movahedi-Lankarani | first1 = S. | last2 = Kurman | first2 = RJ. | title = Calretinin, a more sensitive but less specific marker than alpha-inhibin for ovarian sex cord-stromal neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study of 215 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 26 | issue = 11 | pages = 1477-83 | month = Nov | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12409724 }}</ref> | ||
*Melan A +ve. | |||
*CD99 +ve. | |||
Memory device ''MAC'' = '''m'''elan A, '''a'''lpha-inhibin, '''c'''alretinin. | |||
==Sex cord tumour with annular tubules== | ==Sex cord tumour with annular tubules== | ||
*Abbreviated ''SCTAT''. | *Abbreviated ''SCTAT''. | ||
*'''NOT''' ''sex cord tumour with angulated tubules''. | |||
{{Main|Sex cord tumour with annular tubules}} | |||
== | ==Juvenile granulosa cell tumour== | ||
{{Main|Juvenile granulosa cell tumour}} | |||
==Adult granulosa cell tumour== | |||
*[[AKA]] ''granulosa cell tumour''. | |||
**Should '''not''' be confused with ''[[granular cell tumour]]''. | |||
**Ideally, it should be called ''adult granulosa cell tumour'' to avoid confusion with ''[[juvenile granulosa cell tumour]]''. | |||
* [[ | {{Main| Adult granulosa cell tumour}} | ||
** | |||
* | |||
* | |||
==Fibroma-thecoma group== | ==Fibroma-thecoma group== | ||
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Note: | Note: | ||
*Some discourage the use of the term ''fibrothecoma'' and sugguest calling tumours in the | *Some discourage the use of the term ''fibrothecoma'' and sugguest calling tumours in the fibroma-thecoma group ''fibroma'' unless there are lipid-laden cells and more than minimal alpha-inhibin positivity.<ref name=pmid16810055/> | ||
==Ovarian fibroma== | ==Ovarian fibroma== | ||
{{Main|Ovarian fibroma}} | |||
==Thecoma== | ==Thecoma== | ||
{{Main|Thecoma}} | |||
== | ==Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour== | ||
*[[AKA]] ''androblastoma''. | |||
* | {{Main|Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour}} | ||
== | ==Hilus cell tumour== | ||
*[[AKA]] '' | {{Main|Leydig cell tumour}} | ||
*[[AKA]] ''Leydig cell tumour''.<ref name=pmid19697637>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zafrakas | first1 = M. | last2 = Venizelos | first2 = ID. | last3 = Theodoridis | first3 = TD. | last4 = Zepiridis | first4 = L. | last5 = Agorastos | first5 = T. | last6 = Bontis | first6 = JN. | title = Virilizing ovarian hilus (Leydig) cell tumor with concurrent contralateral hilus cell hyperplasia: a rare diagnosis. | journal = Eur J Gynaecol Oncol | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 338-40 | month = | year = 2009 | doi = | PMID = 19697637 }}</ref> | |||
===General=== | ===General=== | ||
* | *Rare.<ref name=pmid19697637/> | ||
*May cause virilization. | |||
**Development of male (sexual) characteristics in a female. | |||
*Arise from [[hilus cells]]. | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
Features: | Features - see ''[[Leydig cell tumour]]'': | ||
* | *Moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm. | ||
* +/- | *+/-Reinke crystalloids (cytoplasmic inclusions). | ||
DDx: | |||
*Hilus hyperplasia. | |||
*[[Sertoli-Leydig tumour]]. | |||
* | |||
* | |||
=Benign= | =Benign= |
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