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#*[[Melanoma]]. | #*[[Melanoma]]. | ||
#*[[Renal cell carcinoma]] (RCC). | #*[[Renal cell carcinoma]] (RCC). | ||
# [[Glioblastoma]] | # [[Glioblastoma]], IDH-wildtype. | ||
# [[ | # [[Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant]]. | ||
# [[Meningioma]]. | # [[Meningioma]]. | ||
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# [[Medulloblastoma]]. | # [[Medulloblastoma]]. | ||
# [[Ependymoma]]. | # [[Ependymoma]]. | ||
# Pontine glioma, often [[Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered]]. | |||
===By location=== | ===By location=== | ||
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* [[Olfactory neuroblastoma]]. | * [[Olfactory neuroblastoma]]. | ||
* [[Endolymphatic sac tumour]]. | * [[Endolymphatic sac tumour]]. | ||
===Primary versus secondary=== | ===Primary versus secondary=== | ||
*[[AKA]] (primary) brain tumour versus metastatic cancer. | *[[AKA]] (primary) brain tumour versus metastatic cancer. | ||
====Primary==== | ====Primary==== | ||
Glial tumours: | [[Glioma|Glial tumours]]: | ||
*Cytoplasmic processes - '''key feature'''. | *Cytoplasmic processes - '''key feature'''. | ||
**Best seen at highest magnification - usu. ~1 micrometer. | **Best seen at highest magnification - usu. ~1 micrometer. | ||
**Processes may branch. | **Processes may branch. | ||
*Ill-defined border/blend with the surrounding brain. | *Ill-defined border/blend with the surrounding brain. | ||
[[Meningioma]]: | |||
*Lesion often dura-based. | |||
*Mesenchymal tumor (often contains collagen). | |||
[[Lymphoma]]: | [[Lymphoma]]: | ||
*Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL) is usu. a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. | |||
*Large (lymphoid) cells, ergo usu. not a difficult diagnosis. | *Large (lymphoid) cells, ergo usu. not a difficult diagnosis. | ||
**~2x size of resting lymphocyte, nucleoli. | **~2x size of resting lymphocyte, nucleoli. | ||
*Lesion predominantly perivascular. | *Lesion predominantly perivascular. | ||
====Secondary==== | ====Secondary==== | ||
Carcinomas: | *Carcinomas: | ||
*Well-demarcated border between brain and lesion - '''key feature'''. | **Well-demarcated border between brain and lesion - '''key feature'''. | ||
*No cytoplasmic processes. | **No cytoplasmic processes. | ||
*Usu. have nuclear atypia of malignancy. | **Usu. have nuclear atypia of malignancy. | ||
**Nuclei often ~3-4x the size of a [[RBC]]. | **Nuclei often ~3-4x the size of a [[RBC]]. | ||
*+/-Glandular arrangement. | **+/-Glandular arrangement. | ||
*+/-Nucleoli. | **+/-Nucleoli. | ||
*Melanoma. | |||
*Secondary Lymphoma. | |||
*Sarcomas (rare). | |||
===By growth pattern=== | |||
====Infiltrative astrocytomas==== | |||
*[[Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant]]. | |||
*[[Glioblastoma]], IDH-wildtype. | |||
Notes: | |||
**Glial: "blends into brain"/gradual transition to non-tumour brain. | |||
====Non-infiltrative astrocytomas==== | |||
**[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]] | |||
**[[Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma]] | |||
**[[Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma]]. | |||
====Cystic tumours==== | |||
DDx:<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case320/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case320/dx.html]. Accessed on: 14 January 2012.</ref> | |||
*[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]]. | |||
*[[Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma]]. | |||
*[[Ganglioglioma]]. | |||
*[[Hemangioblastoma]]. | |||
*[[Craniopharyngioma]].<ref>URL: [http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/Cnstumor.html#cystsgeneral http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/Cnstumor.html#cystsgeneral]. Accessed on: 14 January 2012.</ref> | |||
Notes: | |||
**Non-glial: no radiating glial processes. | |||
*Rosenthal fibres within the tumour... often seen in [[pilocytic astrocytoma]]. | |||
**Rosenthal fibres may be seen around a (very) slow growing tumour and represent a reactive process. | |||
*Inflammatory cells and macrophages should prompt consideration of an alternate diagnosis (e.g. [[cerebral infarct]], [[multiple sclerosis]]) - esp. if this is a primary lesion.<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case79/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case79/dx.html]. Accessed on: 2 January 2012.</ref> | |||
====Grading==== | |||
Nuclear pleomorphism present: | |||
*At least grade II (diffuse astrocytoma). | |||
Mitotic figures present: | |||
*At least grade III (anaplastic astrocytoma). | |||
Microvascular proliferation ''or'' necrosis with pseudopalisading tumour cells: | |||
*Grade IV (glioblastoma [[AKA]] glioblastoma multiforme). | |||
Notes: | |||
*Pseudopalisading tumour cells = high tumour cell density adjacent to regions of necrosis; palisade = a fence of poles forming a defensive barrier or fortification. | |||
*WHO Grading is currently based on expected biologiocal behaviour without treatment. | |||
**Grading does not reflect molecular divergent groups within a tumor class or response to therapy (Currently controversies in grading for IDH-mutant astrocytoma vs. IDH-wildtype astrocytoma).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Louis | first1 = DN. | last2 = von Deimling | first2 = A. | title = Grading of diffuse astrocytic gliomas: Broders, Kernohan, Zülch, the WHO… and Shakespeare. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Aug | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-017-1765-z | PMID = 28801693 }}</ref> | |||
===By IHC=== | |||
*GFAP - should stain cytoplasm of tumour cells and the perikaryon (nuclear membrane) of most [[Astrocytoma]]s. | |||
*[[IDH-1]](R132H) (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) in [[Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant]].<ref name=pmid19228619>{{cite journal |author=Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, ''et al.'' |title=IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=360 |issue=8 |pages=765–73 |year=2009 |month=February |pmid=19228619 |pmc=2820383 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0808710 |url=}}</ref><ref name=pmid20975057>{{cite journal |author=Houillier C, Wang X, Kaloshi G, ''et al.'' |title=IDH1 or IDH2 mutations predict longer survival and response to temozolomide in low-grade gliomas |journal=Neurology |volume=75 |issue=17 |pages=1560–6 |year=2010 |month=October |pmid=20975057 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f96282 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[H3F3A|H3F3A K27M]] in [[Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered]]. | |||
*[[ATRX]] -ve in [[Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant]] or [[Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant]]. | |||
*[[CD20]] in PCNSL. | |||
*Cytokeratins in Carcinoma brain metastases, Plexus choroid tumours, [[AT/RT]], [[Papillary tumour of the pineal region]], [[Craniopharyngioma]]. | |||
*[[EMA]] in [[Meningioma]] and carcinoma brain metastases. | |||
*PrgR in [[Meningioma]] and carcinoma metastases. | |||
*[[Synaptophysin]] in glioneuronal tumours and Pituitary adenoma and embryonal tumours. | |||
===Common neuropathology tumours in a table=== | ===Common neuropathology tumours in a table=== | ||
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|variable | |variable | ||
|missed lesion / close to a lesion; non-specific pathologic process - need more tissue | |missed lesion / close to a lesion; non-specific pathologic process - need more tissue | ||
| | |GFAP | ||
|[[Image:Reactive_astrocytes_-_lfb_-_high_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Reactive astrocytes. (WC)]] | |[[Image:Reactive_astrocytes_-_lfb_-_high_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Reactive astrocytes. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|old or young | |old or young | ||
|need frozen section to Dx, DDx: [[meningioma]] | |need frozen section to Dx, DDx: [[meningioma]] | ||
|S100 | |S100, SOX10 | ||
|[[Image:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Schwannoma. (WC)]] | |[[Image:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Schwannoma. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|[[Image:Meningioma_intermed_mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px|Meningioma. (WC)]] | |[[Image:Meningioma_intermed_mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px|Meningioma. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |[[Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant]] (CNS [[WHO]] grade 2 or grade 3) | ||
|glial processes (esp. on smear), nuclear atypia (typical size var. ~3x, irreg. nuc. membrane, hyperchromasia), no Rosenthal fibres in the core of the lesion †, no microvascular proliferation, no necrosis | |glial processes (esp. on smear), nuclear atypia (typical size var. ~3x, irreg. nuc. membrane, hyperchromasia), no Rosenthal fibres in the core of the lesion †, no microvascular proliferation, no necrosis | ||
|often enhancing (suggests high grade), usu. supratentorial, usu. white matter | |often enhancing (suggests high grade), usu. supratentorial, usu. white matter | ||
|usu. old, occ. young | |usu. old, occ. young | ||
|common | |common | ||
|IDH-1+/-, GFAP+ | |IDH-1(R132H)+/-, GFAP+ | ||
| [[Image:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg | thumb| center| 150px|High-grade astrocytoma. (WC)]] | | [[Image:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg | thumb| center| 150px|High-grade astrocytoma. (WC)]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Glioblastoma]] (WHO grade | |[[Glioblastoma]], IDH-wildtype (CNS [[WHO]] grade 4) | ||
|glial processes (esp. on smear), nuclear atypia (typical size var. ~3x, irreg. nuc. membrane, hyperchromasia), no Rosenthal fibres in the core of the lesion †, microvascular proliferation or necrosis | |glial processes (esp. on smear), nuclear atypia (typical size var. ~3x, irreg. nuc. membrane, hyperchromasia), no Rosenthal fibres in the core of the lesion †, microvascular proliferation or necrosis | ||
|often enhancing (suggests high grade), usu. supratentorial, usu. white matter | |often enhancing (suggests high grade), usu. supratentorial, usu. white matter | ||
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{{Main|Brain metastasis}} | {{Main|Brain metastasis}} | ||
== | |||
===Molecular=== | |||
See also: [[Molecular_pathology_tests#Neuropathology|Molecular Neuropathology]] | |||
==Gliomas== | |||
{{Main|Glioma}} | |||
Gliomas, glioneuronal tumours and neuronal tumours are often categorized together. | |||
===Astrocytic tumours=== | |||
{{Main|Astrocytoma}} | {{Main|Astrocytoma}} | ||
* [[Astrocytoma]], IDH-mutant. | |||
* [[Glioblastoma]], IDH-wildtype. | |||
** [[Gliosarcoma]] (a glioblastoma subtype) | |||
*[[ | |||
Features:<ref name=pmid>{{cite journal |author=Rong Y, Durden DL, Van Meir EG, Brat DJ |title='Pseudopalisading' necrosis in glioblastoma: a familiar morphologic feature that links vascular pathology, hypoxia, and angiogenesis |journal=J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=529–39 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16783163 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/palisading http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/palisading]</ref> | Features:<ref name=pmid>{{cite journal |author=Rong Y, Durden DL, Van Meir EG, Brat DJ |title='Pseudopalisading' necrosis in glioblastoma: a familiar morphologic feature that links vascular pathology, hypoxia, and angiogenesis |journal=J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=529–39 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16783163 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/palisading http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/palisading]</ref> | ||
*Glial processes - '''key feature'''. | *Glial processes - '''key feature'''. | ||
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*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case368.html Gemistocytic astrocytoma - several images (upmc.edu)]. | *[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case368.html Gemistocytic astrocytoma - several images (upmc.edu)]. | ||
Depreceated: | |||
* | * Diffuse [[Astrocytoma]] | ||
* | * [[Anaplastic astrocytoma]] | ||
* | * [[Gliomatosis cerebri]] | ||
* Spongioblastoma | |||
* | |||
* | ===Oligodendroglial tumours=== | ||
* [[Oligodendroglioma]], IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted. | |||
Depreceated: | |||
* Anaplastic oligodendroglioma | |||
* | * [[Oligoastrocytoma]] | ||
* Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma | |||
===Pediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma=== | |||
* | {{Main|Pediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma}} | ||
* [[Astrocytoma#Diffuse_midline_glioma.2C_H3_K27M_mutant|Diffuse midline glioma H3 K27-mutant]] | |||
===Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade glioma=== | |||
{{Main|Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade glioma}} | |||
=== | ===Circumscribed astrocytic gliomas=== | ||
* [[Pilocytic astrocytoma]] (PA) | |||
** [[Pilomyxoid astrocytoma]] (PMA) | |||
* [[Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma]] (PXA) | |||
* [[Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma]] (SEGA) | |||
* [[Neuropathology_tumours#Astroblastoma|Astroblastoma MN1-altered]]. | |||
* [[Neuropathology_tumours#Chordoid glioma of the third ventricl|Chordoid glioma]]. | |||
==== | ====Astroblastoma==== | ||
*No WHO grade yet.<ref>{{Ref WHOCNS|88}}</ref> | |||
{| | *Very rare superficial tumor of young age.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Narayan | first1 = S. | last2 = Kapoor | first2 = A. | last3 = Singhal | first3 = MK. | last4 = Jakhar | first4 = SL. | last5 = Bagri | first5 = PK. | last6 = Rajput | first6 = PS. | last7 = Kumar | first7 = HS. | title = Astroblastoma of cerebrum: A rare case report and review of literature. | journal = J Cancer Res Ther | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 667 | month = | year = | doi = 10.4103/0973-1482.140800 | PMID = 26458709 }}</ref> | ||
*Large, cystic. Pushing margin towards CNS. | |||
| | *Vasocentric growth, plump cells with absence of fibrillary pattern. | ||
| | *GFAP+ve, Synaptohysin-ve, Olig-2-ve, focally EMA/panCK+ve. MIB-1: 1-18 %. | ||
*Molecular profile overlaps with classical [[CNS-PNET]]. | |||
**Gene fusions invoving meningioma gene (MN1)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sturm | first1 = D. | last2 = Orr | first2 = BA. | last3 = Toprak | first3 = UH. | last4 = Hovestadt | first4 = V. | last5 = Jones | first5 = DT. | last6 = Capper | first6 = D. | last7 = Sill | first7 = M. | last8 = Buchhalter | first8 = I. | last9 = Northcott | first9 = PA. | title = New Brain Tumor Entities Emerge from Molecular Classification of CNS-PNETs. | journal = Cell | volume = 164 | issue = 5 | pages = 1060-72 | month = Feb | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.015 | PMID = 26919435 }}</ref> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Astroblastoma_HE_Specimen.jpg | HE. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:Astroblastoma_HE_papillae.jpg | HE. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:Astroblastoma.jpg | Astroblastoma (AFIP) | |||
</gallery> | |||
== | ====Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle==== | ||
{{ | * WHO grade II. | ||
* Slowly growing, non-invasive, in adults. | |||
* Clusters of epithelioid cells in mucinous stroma. | |||
* Lymphocytic infiltrates, adjacent Rosenthal fibers. | |||
* Fibrosis may be present. | |||
* Few mitoses. | |||
* [[GFAP]]+ve, MIB-1 1-3%. | |||
* [[TTF-1]]+ve. | |||
* CD34+ve. | |||
* [[IDH-1]]-ve, [[p53]]-ve. | |||
* PRKCA D463H mutations.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Goode | first1 = B. | last2 = Mondal | first2 = G. | last3 = Hyun | first3 = M. | last4 = Ruiz | first4 = DG. | last5 = Lin | first5 = YH. | last6 = Van Ziffle | first6 = J. | last7 = Joseph | first7 = NM. | last8 = Onodera | first8 = C. | last9 = Talevich | first9 = E. | title = A recurrent kinase domain mutation in PRKCA defines chordoid glioma of the third ventricle. | journal = Nat Commun | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 810 | month = 02 | year = 2018 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-018-02826-8 | PMID = 29476136 }}</ref> | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:NP op 20201028 009.jpg | Chordoid Glioma. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Ependymal tumours== | ===Ependymal tumours=== | ||
* [[Subependymoma]] | * [[Subependymoma]] | ||
* [[Myxopapillary Ependymoma]] | * [[Myxopapillary Ependymoma]] | ||
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==Other neuroepithelial tumours== | ==Other neuroepithelial tumours== | ||
* [[Neuropathology_tumours#Cribiform_neuroepithelial_tumour|Cribifiorm neuroepithelial tumour]]. | * [[Neuropathology_tumours#Cribiform_neuroepithelial_tumour|Cribifiorm neuroepithelial tumour]]. | ||
===Cribiform neuroepithelial tumour=== | ===Cribiform neuroepithelial tumour=== | ||
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==Neuronal and mixed neuronal/glial tumours== | ==Neuronal and mixed neuronal/glial tumours== | ||
* Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma / ganglioglioma (DIA/DIG) | * [[Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma]] / ganglioglioma (DIA/DIG) | ||
* [[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]] | * [[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]] | ||
* [[Central Neurocytoma]] / Extraventricular [[neurocytoma]] | * [[Central Neurocytoma]] / Extraventricular [[neurocytoma]] | ||
* Cerebellar liponeurocytoma | * Cerebellar liponeurocytoma | ||
* [[Papillary glioneuronal tumour]] | * [[Papillary glioneuronal tumour]] (PGNT) | ||
* Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour of the fourth ventricle | * [[Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour of the fourth ventricle]] (RGNT) | ||
* Gangliocytoma / Ganglioglioma | * Gangliocytoma / Ganglioglioma | ||
* Dysplastic ganglioglioma of the cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos) | * Dysplastic ganglioglioma of the cerebellum ([[Lhermitte-Duclos disease]]) | ||
* [[Paraganglioma]] | * [[Paraganglioma]] | ||
===Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma / Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma=== | |||
* Abbreviated ''DIA'' or ''DIG''. | |||
* ICD-O code: 9412/1 | |||
* Large, superficial, cystic tumor of the infancy. | |||
* Biologic course corresponds to WHO grade I. | |||
* Very rare, included in the WHO since 1993. | |||
* Prominent desmoplastic stroma. | |||
* Astrocytic cells within stroma. | |||
**GFAP+. | |||
**MIB-1 usu. 1%. | |||
* Frequent BRAF V600E or V600D mutations.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = AC. | last2 = Jones | first2 = DTW. | last3 = Abecassis | first3 = IJ. | last4 = Cole | first4 = BL. | last5 = Leary | first5 = SES. | last6 = Lockwood | first6 = CM. | last7 = Chavez | first7 = L. | last8 = Capper | first8 = D. | last9 = Korshunov | first9 = A. | title = Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Astrocytoma (DIG/DIA) are Distinct Entities with Frequent BRAFV600 Mutations. | journal = Mol Cancer Res | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Jul | year = 2018 | doi = 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-17-0507 | PMID = 30006355 }}</ref> | |||
*Single case with BRAF indel or BRAF fusion. | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:DIG-histology.jpg | Histopathology of DIG (HE stain) | |||
File:DIG-histology2.jpg | Prominent ganglioid cells in DIG (HE stain) | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Cerebellar liponeurocytoma=== | ===Cerebellar liponeurocytoma=== | ||
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* NeuN +ve. | * NeuN +ve. | ||
* MIB-1: usu 1-3%. | * MIB-1: usu 1-3%. | ||
====Molecular==== | |||
* Distinct methylation profile. | |||
* Recurent losses on 2p and Chr. 14.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Capper | first1 = D. | last2 = Stichel | first2 = D. | last3 = Sahm | first3 = F. | last4 = Jones | first4 = DTW. | last5 = Schrimpf | first5 = D. | last6 = Sill | first6 = M. | last7 = Schmid | first7 = S. | last8 = Hovestadt | first8 = V. | last9 = Reuss | first9 = DE. | title = Practical implementation of DNA methylation and copy-number-based CNS tumor diagnostics: the Heidelberg experience. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Jul | year = 2018 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-018-1879-y | PMID = 29967940 }}</ref> | |||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
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:'''Not''' to be confused with ''[[ganglioneuroma]]''. | :'''Not''' to be confused with ''[[ganglioneuroma]]''. | ||
====General==== | ====General==== | ||
*Grade I WHO mixed neuronal-glial tumour | *Gangliolioma: Grade I WHO mixed neuronal-glial tumour (ICD-O code: 9505/1). | ||
*Anaplastic ganglioglioma: Grade III (ICD-O: 9505/3) | |||
*Rare. | *Rare (approx. 0.5% of all CNS tumors). | ||
*Usu. temporal lobe. | *Usu. temporal lobe. | ||
*Predominantly children (mean age: 9 years). | |||
*Recognized as a cause of [[epilepsy]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal | last1 = Im | first1 = SH. | last2 = Chung | first2 = CK. | last3 = Cho | first3 = BK. | last4 = Lee | first4 = SK. | title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. | journal = J Neurooncol | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 59-66 | month = Mar | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12125968 }}</ref> | *Recognized as a cause of [[epilepsy]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal | last1 = Im | first1 = SH. | last2 = Chung | first2 = CK. | last3 = Cho | first3 = BK. | last4 = Lee | first4 = SK. | title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. | journal = J Neurooncol | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 59-66 | month = Mar | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12125968 }}</ref> | ||
*Favourable prognosis (survival rates up to 97%) | |||
**Insufficient data für anaplastic ganglioglioma. | |||
====Macroscopic==== | |||
*Circumscribed lesion. | |||
*Usu. contrast enhancing. | |||
*Solid, but intracortical cysts may be present. | |||
*Little mass effect. | |||
====Microscopic==== | ====Microscopic==== | ||
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**Binucleated (very occassionally). | **Binucleated (very occassionally). | ||
*Atypical glia. | *Atypical glia. | ||
*Eosinophilic granular bodies. | |||
*Calcification. | *Calcification. | ||
*Prominent capillary network. | |||
*Lymphocytic cuffing. | *Lymphocytic cuffing. | ||
*May contain some reticulin. | |||
*Glial component may resemble: | |||
**Fibrillary astrocytoma. | |||
**Oligodendroglioma. | |||
**Pilocytic astrocytoma. | |||
Anaplastic ganglioglioma: | Anaplastic ganglioglioma: | ||
*Brisk mitotic activity | *Brisk mitotic activity | ||
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*Glia: | *Glia: | ||
**CD34+/-ve | **CD34+/-ve | ||
*BRAF V600E +ve (approx. 25%, mainly ganglion cells). | |||
====Molecular==== | |||
*BRAF V600E-mutated(approx. 25%). | |||
*IDH1/2 wt. | |||
*No 1p/19q codeletion. | |||
*Usu. Chr. 7 gain. | |||
*CDKN2A deletions in anaplastic ganglioglioma. | |||
====DDx:==== | ====DDx:==== | ||
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*[[Oligodendroglioma]]. | *[[Oligodendroglioma]]. | ||
*Trapped cortical neurons in diffuse astrocytoma. | *Trapped cortical neurons in diffuse astrocytoma. | ||
*Papillary glioneuronal tumor. | |||
*Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor. | |||
====Images==== | ====Images==== | ||
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File:Ganglioglioma calcification.jpg | Calcification in ganglioglioma (WC/jensflorian) | File:Ganglioglioma calcification.jpg | Calcification in ganglioglioma (WC/jensflorian) | ||
File:Ganglioglioma Cd34 x200.jpg | CD34 immunostain in ganglioglioma (WC/jensflorian) | File:Ganglioglioma Cd34 x200.jpg | CD34 immunostain in ganglioglioma (WC/jensflorian) | ||
File:Anaplastic ganglioglioma HE.jpg | Pleomorphic ganglion cells in ganglioglioma (WC/jensflorian) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case142.html Ganglioglioma - case 1 (upmc.edu)]. | *[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case142.html Ganglioglioma - case 1 (upmc.edu)]. | ||
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case282.html Ganglioglioma - case 2 (upmc.edu)]. | *[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case282.html Ganglioglioma - case 2 (upmc.edu)]. | ||
===Lhermitte-Duclos disease=== | ===Lhermitte-Duclos disease=== | ||
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*[[AKA]] ''dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum''. | *[[AKA]] ''dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum''. | ||
{{Main|Lhermitte-Duclos disease}} | {{Main|Lhermitte-Duclos disease}} | ||
<gallery> | |||
File:Dysplastic_gangliocytoma_lhermitte_duclos.jpg | Dysplastic gangliocytoma (low mag). | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Papillary glioneuronal | ===Papillary glioneuronal tumour=== | ||
* Abbreviated ''PGNT''. | * Abbreviated ''PGNT''. | ||
* A benign, supratentorial tumor of childhood. | * A benign, supratentorial tumor of childhood. | ||
** Biologic course corresponds to WHO I | ** Biologic course corresponds to WHO grade I. | ||
** Before WHO 2000, considered a [[Ganglioglioma]] variant. | ** Before WHO 2000, considered a [[Ganglioglioma]] variant. | ||
*Prominent pseudopapillary architecture. | *Prominent pseudopapillary architecture. | ||
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File:PGNT_HE_stain.jpg | PGNT (HE) (WC/jensflorian) | File:PGNT_HE_stain.jpg | PGNT (HE) (WC/jensflorian) | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
===Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour of the fourth ventricle=== | |||
* Abbreviated ''RGNT''. | |||
* Provisional ICD-O code: 9509/1 | |||
* A rare benign infratentorial tumour of the midline of children and adults. | |||
* Biologic course corresponds to WHO grade I. | |||
* Glial component corresponds to [[pilocytic astrocytoma]]. | |||
* Neurocytic rosettes. | |||
* Eosinopil fibrillary cores / pseudorosettes. | |||
* GFAP+ in fibrillary areas, Syn+ in rosettes. | |||
* Neurocytic cells: MAP2+ | |||
* MIB-1 usu. below 3%. | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Histology RGNT HE.jpg | RGNT, HE stain (WC/jensflorian). | |||
File:RGNT HE 2.jpg | RGNT, higher magnification (WC/jensflorian). | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Polymorphous low-grade tumor of the young (PLNTY)=== | |||
* [[Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade glioma#Diffuse low-grade glioma, MAPK pathway-altered|Polymorphous low-grade tumor of the young (PLNTY)]] | |||
==Pineal tumours== | ==Pineal tumours== | ||
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* [[Primitive neuroectodermal tumour]] (PNET) | * [[Primitive neuroectodermal tumour]] (PNET) | ||
* [[Embryonal tumour with abundant neuropil and true rosettes]] (ETANTR) | * [[Embryonal tumour with abundant neuropil and true rosettes]] (ETANTR) | ||
DDx: | |||
* [[Ewing sarcoma]] | |||
* [[Sarcoma with CIC-rearrangement]] | |||
==Peripheral nerve sheath tumours== | ==Peripheral nerve sheath tumours== | ||
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Common pattern: | Common pattern: | ||
*CD20 +ve - key stain. | *[[CD20]] +ve - key stain. | ||
*CD3 -ve. | *CD3 -ve. | ||
*Ki-67 ~40%. | *Ki-67 ~40%. |