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** Human Herpesviruses (HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, EBV, Roseola) | ** Human Herpesviruses (HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, EBV, Roseola) | ||
*** HSV encephalitis has high mortality without acyclovir treatment. | *** HSV encephalitis has high mortality without acyclovir treatment. | ||
*** Childhood cerebellitis mainly associated with varicella. | |||
*** VZV is the second most common viral meningitis after enterovirus. | |||
** Measles virus(worldwide more than 100.000 deaths annually). | ** Measles virus(worldwide more than 100.000 deaths annually). | ||
***Is linked to [[acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]] (ADEM) and Subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE). | ***Is linked to [[acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]] (ADEM) and Subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE). | ||
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This is a hueueuge topic. It is covered in its own article and includes a general discussion of dementia. | This is a hueueuge topic. It is covered in its own article and includes a general discussion of dementia. | ||
== | ==Malformation of cortical development(MCD) == | ||
{{ | ===Lissencephaly=== | ||
* Greek: ‘lissos': smooth and ‘enkephalos': brain. | |||
* Absent (agyria) or decreased (pachygyria) convolutions. | |||
* Cortical thickening | |||
* Smooth cerebral surface | |||
* Subtypes with different layering: 2-layered, 3-layered, and 4-layered forms. | |||
* Heterotopic neurons in a pattern suggestive of laminar organization. | |||
* 14 LIS mutations account for 90% of all cases.<ref name="pmid27781032">{{cite journal |authors=Parrini E, Conti V, Dobyns WB, Guerrini R |title=Genetic Basis of Brain Malformations |journal=Mol Syndromol |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=220–233 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27781032 |pmc=5073505 |doi=10.1159/000448639 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Polymicrogyria=== | |||
* Abnormal cortical lamination. | |||
* Abnormally small and partly fused gyri. | |||
* Can be unilateral, bilateral and symmetrical. | |||
* Intellectual disability. | |||
* Sometimes severe encephalopathy. | |||
* Pharmacoresistant epilepsy | |||
* Cortical lamination can be unlayered or four-layered. | |||
** Unlayered: Unorganized radial distribution of neurons. | |||
** Four-layered: Molecular layer, outer neuronal layer, nerve fiber layer, and inner neuronal layer. | |||
* 1q trisomy in unilateral cases.<ref name="pmid32979071">{{cite journal |authors=Kobow K, Jabari S, Pieper T, Kudernatsch M, Polster T, Woermann FG, Kalbhenn T, Hamer H, Rössler K, Mühlebner A, Spliet WGM, Feucht M, Hou Y, Stichel D, Korshunov A, Sahm F, Coras R, Blümcke I, von Deimling A |title=Mosaic trisomy of chromosome 1q in human brain tissue associates with unilateral polymicrogyria, very early-onset focal epilepsy, and severe developmental delay |journal=Acta Neuropathol |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=881–891 |date=December 2020 |pmid=32979071 |doi=10.1007/s00401-020-02228-5 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Epilepsy== | ==Epilepsy== | ||
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***Usually seen with vertebral anomalies. | ***Usually seen with vertebral anomalies. | ||
*Epithelial cyst. | *Epithelial cyst. | ||
*Cyst with a mural nodule tumor of the brain. | |||
**Commonly seen in: <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Raz | first1 = E. | last2 = Zagzag | first2 = D. | last3 = Saba | first3 = L. | last4 = Mannelli | first4 = L. | last5 = Di Paolo | first5 = PL. | last6 = D'Ambrosio | first6 = F. | last7 = Knopp | first7 = E. | title = Cyst with a mural nodule tumor of the brain. | journal = Cancer Imaging | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 237-44 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0028 | PMID = 22935908 }}</ref> | |||
**[[Hemangioblastoma]] | |||
**[[Craniopharyngioma]] | |||
**[[Ganglioglioma]] | |||
*Others. | *Others. | ||