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Difference between revisions of "Neuropathology"
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*Viral encephalitis (Neurotrophic viruses):<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ludlow | first1 = M. | last2 = Kortekaas | first2 = J. | last3 = Herden | first3 = C. | last4 = Hoffmann | first4 = B. | last5 = Tappe | first5 = D. | last6 = Trebst | first6 = C. | last7 = Griffin | first7 = DE. | last8 = Brindle | first8 = HE. | last9 = Solomon | first9 = T. | title = Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 131 | issue = 2 | pages = 159-84 | month = Feb | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-015-1511-3 | PMID = 26659576 }}</ref> | *Viral encephalitis (Neurotrophic viruses):<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ludlow | first1 = M. | last2 = Kortekaas | first2 = J. | last3 = Herden | first3 = C. | last4 = Hoffmann | first4 = B. | last5 = Tappe | first5 = D. | last6 = Trebst | first6 = C. | last7 = Griffin | first7 = DE. | last8 = Brindle | first8 = HE. | last9 = Solomon | first9 = T. | title = Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 131 | issue = 2 | pages = 159-84 | month = Feb | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-015-1511-3 | PMID = 26659576 }}</ref> | ||
** Eteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. | |||
***Coxackie Virus. | |||
***Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus. | |||
** Human Herpesviruses (HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, EBV, Roseola) | ** Human Herpesviruses (HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, EBV, Roseola) | ||
*** HSV encephalitis has high mortality without acyclovir treatment. | *** HSV encephalitis has high mortality without acyclovir treatment. | ||
** Measles virus( worldwide more than 100.000 deaths | *** Childhood cerebellitis mainly associated with varicella. | ||
*** VZV is the second most common viral meningitis after enterovirus. | |||
** Measles virus(worldwide more than 100.000 deaths annually). | |||
***Is linked to [[acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]] (ADEM) and Subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE). | ***Is linked to [[acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]] (ADEM) and Subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE). | ||
** Seasonal influenza A virus (highest patogenic potential: avian influenza H5N1). | ** Seasonal influenza A virus (highest patogenic potential: avian influenza H5N1). | ||
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====IHC==== | ====IHC==== | ||
*Abeta-amyloid (AKA beta-amyloid). | *Abeta-amyloid (AKA beta-amyloid). | ||
===Cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with inflammation (I-CAA)=== | |||
* Cognitive decline. | |||
* Microbleedings in MRI. | |||
* Responsive to steroids. | |||
* Abeta deposits in vessels. | |||
* Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate (but no vasculitis!). | |||
* Giant cells may be present. | |||
===Vascular malformations=== | ===Vascular malformations=== | ||
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{{Main|Neurodegenerative diseases}} | {{Main|Neurodegenerative diseases}} | ||
This is a hueueuge topic. It is covered in its own article and includes a general discussion of dementia. | This is a hueueuge topic. It is covered in its own article and includes a general discussion of dementia. | ||
==Malformation of cortical development(MCD) == | |||
===Lissencephaly=== | |||
* Greek: ‘lissos': smooth and ‘enkephalos': brain. | |||
* Absent (agyria) or decreased (pachygyria) convolutions. | |||
* Cortical thickening | |||
* Smooth cerebral surface | |||
* Subtypes with different layering: 2-layered, 3-layered, and 4-layered forms. | |||
* Heterotopic neurons in a pattern suggestive of laminar organization. | |||
* 14 LIS mutations account for 90% of all cases.<ref name="pmid27781032">{{cite journal |authors=Parrini E, Conti V, Dobyns WB, Guerrini R |title=Genetic Basis of Brain Malformations |journal=Mol Syndromol |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=220–233 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27781032 |pmc=5073505 |doi=10.1159/000448639 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Polymicrogyria=== | |||
* Abnormal cortical lamination. | |||
* Abnormally small and partly fused gyri. | |||
* Can be unilateral, bilateral and symmetrical. | |||
* Intellectual disability. | |||
* Sometimes severe encephalopathy. | |||
* Pharmacoresistant epilepsy | |||
* Cortical lamination can be unlayered or four-layered. | |||
** Unlayered: Unorganized radial distribution of neurons. | |||
** Four-layered: Molecular layer, outer neuronal layer, nerve fiber layer, and inner neuronal layer. | |||
* 1q trisomy in unilateral cases.<ref name="pmid32979071">{{cite journal |authors=Kobow K, Jabari S, Pieper T, Kudernatsch M, Polster T, Woermann FG, Kalbhenn T, Hamer H, Rössler K, Mühlebner A, Spliet WGM, Feucht M, Hou Y, Stichel D, Korshunov A, Sahm F, Coras R, Blümcke I, von Deimling A |title=Mosaic trisomy of chromosome 1q in human brain tissue associates with unilateral polymicrogyria, very early-onset focal epilepsy, and severe developmental delay |journal=Acta Neuropathol |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=881–891 |date=December 2020 |pmid=32979071 |doi=10.1007/s00401-020-02228-5 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Epilepsy== | ==Epilepsy== | ||
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File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN) | File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN) | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
===Hamartia=== | |||
* Small collection of ectopic glioneuronal cells. | |||
**Morpholology resembling oligodendroglial-like cells. <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kasper | first1 = BS. | last2 = Stefan | first2 = H. | last3 = Buchfelder | first3 = M. | last4 = Paulus | first4 = W. | title = Temporal lobe microdysgenesis in epilepsy versus control brains. | journal = J Neuropathol Exp Neurol | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 22-8 | month = Jan | year = 1999 | doi = | PMID = 10068310 }}</ref> | |||
* Mostly amygdala, less common in hippocampus or temporal lobe. | |||
* Can coexist with focal cortical dysplasia. | |||
==Demyelination== | ==Demyelination== | ||
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***Usually seen with vertebral anomalies. | ***Usually seen with vertebral anomalies. | ||
*Epithelial cyst. | *Epithelial cyst. | ||
*Cyst with a mural nodule tumor of the brain. | |||
**Commonly seen in: <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Raz | first1 = E. | last2 = Zagzag | first2 = D. | last3 = Saba | first3 = L. | last4 = Mannelli | first4 = L. | last5 = Di Paolo | first5 = PL. | last6 = D'Ambrosio | first6 = F. | last7 = Knopp | first7 = E. | title = Cyst with a mural nodule tumor of the brain. | journal = Cancer Imaging | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 237-44 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0028 | PMID = 22935908 }}</ref> | |||
**[[Hemangioblastoma]] | |||
**[[Craniopharyngioma]] | |||
**[[Ganglioglioma]] | |||
*Others. | *Others. | ||