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*Viral encephalitis (Neurotrophic viruses):<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ludlow | first1 = M. | last2 = Kortekaas | first2 = J. | last3 = Herden | first3 = C. | last4 = Hoffmann | first4 = B. | last5 = Tappe | first5 = D. | last6 = Trebst | first6 = C. | last7 = Griffin | first7 = DE. | last8 = Brindle | first8 = HE. | last9 = Solomon | first9 = T. | title = Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 131 | issue = 2 | pages = 159-84 | month = Feb | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-015-1511-3 | PMID = 26659576 }}</ref> | *Viral encephalitis (Neurotrophic viruses):<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ludlow | first1 = M. | last2 = Kortekaas | first2 = J. | last3 = Herden | first3 = C. | last4 = Hoffmann | first4 = B. | last5 = Tappe | first5 = D. | last6 = Trebst | first6 = C. | last7 = Griffin | first7 = DE. | last8 = Brindle | first8 = HE. | last9 = Solomon | first9 = T. | title = Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 131 | issue = 2 | pages = 159-84 | month = Feb | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-015-1511-3 | PMID = 26659576 }}</ref> | ||
** Eteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. | |||
***Coxackie Virus. | |||
***Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus. | |||
** Human Herpesviruses (HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, EBV, Roseola) | ** Human Herpesviruses (HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, EBV, Roseola) | ||
*** HSV encephalitis has high mortality without acyclovir treatment. | *** HSV encephalitis has high mortality without acyclovir treatment. | ||
** Measles virus( worldwide more than 100.000 deaths | ** Measles virus(worldwide more than 100.000 deaths annually). | ||
***Is linked to [[acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]] (ADEM) and Subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE). | ***Is linked to [[acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]] (ADEM) and Subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE). | ||
** Seasonal influenza A virus (highest patogenic potential: avian influenza H5N1). | ** Seasonal influenza A virus (highest patogenic potential: avian influenza H5N1). | ||
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File:Rabies encephalitis PHIL 3368 lores.jpg | Rabies encephalitis (CDC.gov) | File:Rabies encephalitis PHIL 3368 lores.jpg | Rabies encephalitis (CDC.gov) | ||
File:Rabies negri bodies brain.jpg | Negri bodies in Purkinje cells (CDC.gov) | File:Rabies negri bodies brain.jpg | Negri bodies in Purkinje cells (CDC.gov) | ||
</gallery> | |||
====Vasculitis==== | |||
DDx Cerebral vasculitis / angiitis: | |||
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE) | |||
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]. | |||
*Medications and drugs (amphetamine, cocaine and heroin). | |||
*Paraneoplastic(lymphomas, leukemia and lung cancer). | |||
*[[Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis]] | |||
*[[Giant cell arteritis]] | |||
*[[Takayasu's arteritis]] | |||
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]] | |||
*Beta-amyloid-related angiitis (ABRA) | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:ABRA_HE_40x.jpg | Beta-amyloid related angitis, HE (WC) | |||
File:ABRA_beta-amyloid_40x.jpg | Beta-amyloid related angiitis, abeta IHC (WC) | |||
File:Giant cell arteritis -- low mag.jpg | Giant cell arteritis, HE (WC) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== | ==Epilepsy== | ||
{{Main|Epilepsy}} | |||
===Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD)=== | |||
*Localized malformations of the cortex. | |||
*Frequently associated with epilepsy in children. | |||
*Includes cortical dyslamination, cytoarchitectural changes and white matter abnormalities. | |||
*Current consensus: ILAE classification scheme 2011 <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Blümcke | first1 = I. | last2 = Aronica | first2 = E. | last3 = Miyata | first3 = H. | last4 = Sarnat | first4 = HB. | last5 = Thom | first5 = M. | last6 = Roessler | first6 = K. | last7 = Rydenhag | first7 = B. | last8 = Jehi | first8 = L. | last9 = Krsek | first9 = P. | title = International recommendation for a comprehensive neuropathologic workup of epilepsy surgery brain tissue: A consensus Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 348-58 | month = Mar | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1111/epi.13319 | PMID = 26839983 }} | |||
</ref>(based on previous classification by Palmini 2004): | |||
*Type I FCD (focal) | |||
**Ia: Abnormal radial cortical lamination. | |||
**Ib: Abnormal tangential cortical lamination. | |||
**Ic: Abnormal radial and tangential cortical lamination. | |||
*Type II FCD (focal) | |||
* | **IIa: Presence of dysmorphic neurons. | ||
* | **IIb: Presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells. | ||
*Type III FCD (associated with other lesion) | |||
**IIIa: FCD associated with [[Epilepsy#Hippocampal_sclerosis|hippocampal sclerosis]]. | |||
* | **IIIb: FCD adjacent to a brain tumor. | ||
* | **IIIc: FCD adjacent to vascular malformation. | ||
**IIIc: FCD associated with previous injury (trauma, inflammation...). | |||
* | |||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File: | File:FCDIIa dysmorphic neurons HE.jpg|Dysmorphic neurons in FCD (HE) | ||
File: | File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN) | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
===Hamartia=== | |||
* | * Small collection of ectopic glioneuronal cells. | ||
* | **Morpholology resembling oligodendroglial-like cells. <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kasper | first1 = BS. | last2 = Stefan | first2 = H. | last3 = Buchfelder | first3 = M. | last4 = Paulus | first4 = W. | title = Temporal lobe microdysgenesis in epilepsy versus control brains. | journal = J Neuropathol Exp Neurol | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 22-8 | month = Jan | year = 1999 | doi = | PMID = 10068310 }}</ref> | ||
* Mostly amygdala, less common in hippocampus or temporal lobe. | |||
* Can coexist with focal cortical dysplasia. | |||
==Demyelination== | |||
===Multiple sclerosis=== | |||
*Abbreviated ''MS''. | |||
{{Main|Multiple sclerosis}} | |||
===Osmotic demyelination syndrome=== | |||
{{Main|Osmotic demyelination syndrome}} | |||
*Previously known as ''central pontine myelinolysis'' (abbreviated ''CPM''). | |||
===Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis=== | ===Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis=== |