Difference between revisions of "Neurohistology"

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Neurohistology (view source)

Revision as of 12:34, 17 October 2022

1,317 bytes added ,  12:34, 17 October 2022
→‎Glial cells: microglia
(→‎Glial cells: microglia)
 
(22 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 18: Line 18:
**Small round nuclei (lymphocyte-like nucleus) - '''key feature'''.
**Small round nuclei (lymphocyte-like nucleus) - '''key feature'''.
**May resemble a ''fried egg'' on H&E (clear cytoplasm, central nucleus).
**May resemble a ''fried egg'' on H&E (clear cytoplasm, central nucleus).
**Image: [http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/libraries/courses/neuroslides/lab1a/images/1-11.png oligodendrocyte urmc.rochester.edu]
*Astrocyte.
*Astrocyte.
**Irregular non-ovoid nucleus - '''key feature'''.
**Irregular non-ovoid nucleus - '''key feature'''.
Line 29: Line 30:
***Often have vesicles.
***Often have vesicles.
**Rarely seen in normal tissue.
**Rarely seen in normal tissue.
**Three morphologic types:
***Ramified microglia.
***Hypertrophic microglia.
***Dystrophic microglia - often seen in neurodegnerative disease.
*Ependyma.
*Ependyma.
**Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
**Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/221-001.jpg Ependyma (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/221-001.jpg Ependyma (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*Choroid plexus.
**Specialized ependymal cells
**Cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue.
**Ventricular location.
=====Images=====
[[File:Blausen 0870 TypesofNeuroglia.png |500px| Types of neuroglia (WC/Blausen)]]
<gallery>
File:Astrocytes.jpg | Astrocytes highlighted by GFAP (WC/Jeffery J. Iliff)
Image:Oligodendrocyte_HE_stain_high_mag.jpg | Oligodendrocytes with fried-egg appearance (WC/jensflorian)
Image:Ependyma.png|Ependymal cells. (WC/marvin101)
File:Psammoma bodies in the choroid plexus, HE.JPG | Choroid plexus (WC/Patho)
File:Mikroglej 1.jpg | Microglial cells, Lectin stain (WC/Grzegorz Wicher)
</gallery>


===Peripheral nervous system===
===Peripheral nervous system===
Line 39: Line 57:
*Large round nucleus with prominent nucleolus - '''key feature'''.
*Large round nucleus with prominent nucleolus - '''key feature'''.
*Abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm.
*Abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm.
 
====Schwann cell====
*Principal glia of the PNS.
*Myelinated or unmyelinated.
*Ovoid, wavy nuclei.
*Cells have a basal membrane.
*Found in peripheral nerves.
*Aka ''neurolemmocytes''.
=====Images=====
=====Images=====
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Ganglion_very_high_mag.jpg | Ganglion - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Ganglion_very_high_mag.jpg | Ganglion - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Peripheral nerve, cross section.jpg | Peripheral nerve - cross section. (WC/Reytan)
File:Nerve root - very high mag.jpg | Nerve root HPS stain (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 90: Line 116:
*Send dendrites in all directions.
*Send dendrites in all directions.


Images:  
===Images===
www:
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_cn_xii_-_very_high_mag.jpg Motor neurons - nucleus of CN XII - very high mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_cn_xii_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Motor neurons - nucleus of CN XII - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


=Structures=
=Structures=
This section deals with structures seen at several places in the CNS.
This section deals with structures seen at several places in the CNS.


==Grey vs. white matter==
==Grey matter and white matter==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|  
|  
Line 117: Line 146:


Additional images (white matter vs. grey matter):
Additional images (white matter vs. grey matter):
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_high_mag.jpg Grey-white matter interface - high mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_intermed_mag.jpg Grey and white matter - intermed. mag. (WC)].
Image:Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_high_mag.jpg | Grey-white matter interface - high mag. (WC)
Image:Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Grey and white matter - intermed. mag. (WC)
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_supratentorial.jpg | Normal cortex - LFB. (WC/jensflorian)
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_grey-white_matter_junction.jpg | White-grey matter junction - LFB. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Vessels==
==Vessels==
Line 144: Line 177:
*#Small - GABA.
*#Small - GABA.
*#Large (very rare: ~1 in 100-200) - cholingeric.
*#Large (very rare: ~1 in 100-200) - cholingeric.
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Globus_pallidus_and_putamen_-_very_low_mag.jpg Globus pallidus & putamen - showing Wilson's pencils - very low mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Putamen_-_intermed_mag.jpg Putamen - intermed. mag. (WC)].
*[http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].


Notes:
Notes:
Line 154: Line 182:
**The caudate is adjacent to an ependymal lined space, putamen is not.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 22 December 2010.</ref>
**The caudate is adjacent to an ependymal lined space, putamen is not.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 22 December 2010.</ref>
*[[Necrotic]] putamen in methanol poisoning.<ref name=pmid19015300>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bhatia | first1 = R. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = M. | last3 = Garg | first3 = A. | last4 = Nanda | first4 = A. | title = Putaminal necrosis due to methanol toxicity. | journal = Pract Neurol | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 386-7 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2008.161976 | PMID = 19015300 }}</ref>
*[[Necrotic]] putamen in methanol poisoning.<ref name=pmid19015300>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bhatia | first1 = R. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = M. | last3 = Garg | first3 = A. | last4 = Nanda | first4 = A. | title = Putaminal necrosis due to methanol toxicity. | journal = Pract Neurol | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 386-7 | month = Dec | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2008.161976 | PMID = 19015300 }}</ref>
===Images===
<gallery>
Image:Globus_pallidus_and_putamen_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus & putamen - showing Wilson's pencils - very low mag. (WC)
Image:Putamen_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Putamen - intermed. mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].


==Globus pallidus==
==Globus pallidus==
Line 166: Line 202:
===Image===  
===Image===  
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-
Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-l-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus, putamen and the nucleus basalis in the substantia innominata - very low mag. (WC)
l-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus, putamen and the nucleus basalis in the substantia innominata - very low mag. (WC)
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 188: Line 223:
#*Transitions to the six layers in the ''entorhinal cortex''.
#*Transitions to the six layers in the ''entorhinal cortex''.
#**No vacuolated looking stuff next to it.
#**No vacuolated looking stuff next to it.
Images:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg Hippocampus - frontal section (WP)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg Hippocampus - good schematic (WC)].
*[http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content-nw/full/28/5/958/F1 Hippocampus (ajnr.org)].
*[http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/schubert-stephan-nicolas-2003-09-26/HTML/schubert_html_21d219b1.png Hippocampus and subiculum (hu-berlin.de)].
*[http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi/br-800epi1.gif Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu)].


Important notes:
Important notes:
Line 200: Line 228:
*CA2 - resistant to ischemia.
*CA2 - resistant to ischemia.
*CA4 - involved in [[epilepsy]],<ref name=pmid3518570>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ingvar | first1 = M. | title = Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate during seizures. Relationship to epileptic brain damage. | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 462 | issue =  | pages = 194-206 | month =  | year = 1986 | doi =  | PMID = 3518570 }}</ref> usu. normal in degenerative diseases.<ref>D. Munoz. 27 July 2011.</ref>
*CA4 - involved in [[epilepsy]],<ref name=pmid3518570>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ingvar | first1 = M. | title = Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate during seizures. Relationship to epileptic brain damage. | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 462 | issue =  | pages = 194-206 | month =  | year = 1986 | doi =  | PMID = 3518570 }}</ref> usu. normal in degenerative diseases.<ref>D. Munoz. 27 July 2011.</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg | Hippocampus - frontal section. (WC)
Image:Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg | Hippocampus - schematic. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content-nw/full/28/5/958/F1 Hippocampus (ajnr.org)].
*[http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/schubert-stephan-nicolas-2003-09-26/HTML/schubert_html_21d219b1.png Hippocampus and subiculum (hu-berlin.de)].
*[http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi/br-800epi1.gif Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu)].


===Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>===
===Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>===
Line 219: Line 256:
**Small neurons.
**Small neurons.


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum - intermed. mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum - high mag. (WC)].
Image:Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Dentate_nucleus_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg | Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


===Cerebellar cortex===  
===Cerebellar cortex===  
Line 235: Line 274:
*#**May look like small cell carcinoma to the uninitiated.  
*#**May look like small cell carcinoma to the uninitiated.  
*#*Golgi cells (interneurons) - few in number, elongated/columnar, 3-5x size of granule cell.
*#*Golgi cells (interneurons) - few in number, elongated/columnar, 3-5x size of granule cell.
*Images:
**[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227_001.jpg Cerebellar cortex - micrograph with labels (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
**[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gray706.png Cerebellar cortex - schematic (Gray's Anatomy - WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebellar_cortex_-_intermed_mag.jpg Cerebellar cortex - intermed. mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebellum_-_biel_-_high_mag.jpg Cerebellar cortex - high mag. - Bielschowsky stain (WC)].


Notes:
Notes:
*''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer.  They are normally not seen.  They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "[[Bergmann gliosis]]".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref>
*''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer.  They are normally not seen.  They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "[[Bergmann gliosis]]".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref>
====Images====
www:
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227_001.jpg Cerebellar cortex - micrograph with labels (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
<gallery>
Image:Gray706.png | Cerebellar cortex - schematic. (Gray's Anatomy/WC)
Image:Cerebellar_cortex_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Cerebellar cortex - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Cerebellum_-_biel_-_high_mag.jpg | Cerebellar cortex - high mag. [[Bielschowsky stain]]. (WC)
</gallery>


==Cerebral cortex==
==Cerebral cortex==
Line 287: Line 330:
*Astrocytes:
*Astrocytes:
**Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte.
**Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte.
Images:
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/Images/pin42he.jpg Pineal gland (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].<ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pineal_gland_-_very_high_mag.jpg Pineal gland - very high mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pineal_gland_-_intermed_mag.jpg Pineal gland - intermed. mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pineal.jpg Pineal gland - crappy (WC)].


Notes:
Notes:
*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma.
*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) [[small cell carcinoma]].
*Often calcified.
*Often calcified.
 
===Images===
<gallery>
Image:Pineal_gland_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Pineal gland - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Pineal_gland_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Pineal gland - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Pineal.jpg | Pineal gland. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/Images/pin42he.jpg Pineal gland (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].<ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
===IHC===
===IHC===
*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref>
*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref>
Line 309: Line 353:
*Red nuclei.
*Red nuclei.


Schematics:
===Schematics===
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cn3nucleus.png Midbrain (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray696.png Nuclei of the CNs (WC)].
Image:Cn3nucleus.png | Midbrain (WC)
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg Nuclei of the CNs - sagittal section of brain stem (WC)].
Image:Gray696.png | Nuclei of the CNs (WC)
Image:Brain_stem_sagittal_section.svg | Nuclei of the CNs - sagittal section of brain stem (WC)
</gallery>


==Pons==
==Pons==
Line 324: Line 370:
*Literally means ''blue spot''.
*Literally means ''blue spot''.
*Location: adjacent to midline + anterior to 4th ventricle.
*Location: adjacent to midline + anterior to 4th ventricle.
**Images:
***[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Locus_ceruleus_-_very_low_mag.jpg Locus ceruleus (LC) - very low mag. (WC)].
***[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Locus_ceruleus_-_high_mag.jpg LC - high mag. (WC)].
***[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/File:Bouret_LC_anat2.jpg LC - labeled on MRI - (scholarpedia.org)].
***[http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/etud/pharmaco/media/locussag.jpg LC - labeled on MRI (univ-rennes1.fr)].<ref>URL: [http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/etud/pharmaco/media/alzheimerGB.htm#Locus%20coeruleus http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/etud/pharmaco/media/alzheimerGB.htm#Locus%20coeruleus]. Accessed on: 4 December 2010.</ref>


Microscopic features:
Microscopic features:
Line 336: Line 377:
Notes:
Notes:
*Pale in [[Parkinson disease]] due to neuronal loss.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_677>{{Ref PCPBoD8|677}}</ref>
*Pale in [[Parkinson disease]] due to neuronal loss.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_677>{{Ref PCPBoD8|677}}</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - very low mag. (WC)
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_low_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - low mag. (WC)
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Locus_ceruleus_-_high_mag.jpg | Locus ceruleus (LC) - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/File:Bouret_LC_anat2.jpg LC - labeled on MRI - (scholarpedia.org)].


==Medulla oblongata==
==Medulla oblongata==
Line 351: Line 402:
**This is were [[Lewy body]] formation starts.<ref name=pmid19501577>{{cite journal |author=Miller VM, Kenny RA, Oakley AE, Hall R, Kalaria RN, Allan LM |title=Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus protein aggregates in Lewy body disease with autonomic dysfunction |journal=Brain Res. |volume=1286 |issue= |pages=165–73 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19501577 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.083 |url=}}</ref>
**This is were [[Lewy body]] formation starts.<ref name=pmid19501577>{{cite journal |author=Miller VM, Kenny RA, Oakley AE, Hall R, Kalaria RN, Allan LM |title=Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus protein aggregates in Lewy body disease with autonomic dysfunction |journal=Brain Res. |volume=1286 |issue= |pages=165–73 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19501577 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.083 |url=}}</ref>


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg Medulla oblongata - very low mag. (WC)].
=====Image=====
<gallery>
Image:Medulla_oblongata_-_posterior_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Medulla oblongata - very low mag. (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Pituitary gland==
===Anatomy===
*Located in sella turcica below optic chiasm.
*Anterior lobe is epithelial.
*Posterior lobe is neuroepithelial.
*The infundibulum connects the pituitary to the brain
Schematic: [[File:Gray1181.png Pituitary gland - Gray's anatomy (WC)]].
 
 
====Images====
<gallery>
File:Anterior and posterior pituitary.jpg | Anterior & posterior pituitary. (WC)
File:Adenohypofýza HE.jpg | Adenohypophysis. (WC/Držiak)
</gallery>


=See also=
=See also=
Jensflorian
Account-creators
1,040

edits

Retrieved from "https://librepathology.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/22233...52172"

Navigation menu