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+pictures for DLB
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===Parkinsonism causes=== | ===Parkinsonism causes=== | ||
*Parkinson's disease <ref name=pmid17390256>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tuite | first1 = PJ. | last2 = Krawczewski | first2 = K. | title = Parkinsonism: a review-of-systems approach to diagnosis. | journal = Semin Neurol | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 113-22 | month = Apr | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-971174 | PMID = 17390256 }}</ref> | *Parkinson's disease <ref name=pmid17390256>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tuite | first1 = PJ. | last2 = Krawczewski | first2 = K. | title = Parkinsonism: a review-of-systems approach to diagnosis. | journal = Semin Neurol | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 113-22 | month = Apr | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-971174 | PMID = 17390256 }}</ref> | ||
*Dementia with Lewy bodies. | *[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]. | ||
*[[Multiple system atrophy]] (MSA).<ref name=pmid22074330>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ahmed | first1 = Z. | last2 = Asi | first2 = YT. | last3 = Sailer | first3 = A. | last4 = Lees | first4 = AJ. | last5 = Houlden | first5 = H. | last6 = Revesz | first6 = T. | last7 = Holton | first7 = JL. | title = Review: The neuropathology, pathophysiology and genetics of multiple system atrophy. | journal = Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01234.x | PMID = 22074330 }}</ref> | *[[Multiple system atrophy]] (MSA).<ref name=pmid22074330>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ahmed | first1 = Z. | last2 = Asi | first2 = YT. | last3 = Sailer | first3 = A. | last4 = Lees | first4 = AJ. | last5 = Houlden | first5 = H. | last6 = Revesz | first6 = T. | last7 = Holton | first7 = JL. | title = Review: The neuropathology, pathophysiology and genetics of multiple system atrophy. | journal = Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01234.x | PMID = 22074330 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]] (PSP).<ref name=pmid22228724>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bertram | first1 = K. | last2 = Williams | first2 = DR. | title = Visual hallucinations in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. | journal = J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 448-52 | month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300980 | PMID = 22228724 }}</ref> | *[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]] (PSP).<ref name=pmid22228724>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bertram | first1 = K. | last2 = Williams | first2 = DR. | title = Visual hallucinations in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. | journal = J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 448-52 | month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300980 | PMID = 22228724 }}</ref> | ||
*Drug induced (valproic acid).<ref name=pmid21993183>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mahmoud | first1 = F. | last2 = Tampi | first2 = RR. | title = Valproic Acid-Induced Parkinsonism in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. | journal = Am J Geriatr Pharmacother | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.09.002 | PMID = 21993183 }}</ref> | *Drug induced (valproic acid, MPTP).<ref name=pmid21993183>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mahmoud | first1 = F. | last2 = Tampi | first2 = RR. | title = Valproic Acid-Induced Parkinsonism in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. | journal = Am J Geriatr Pharmacother | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.09.002 | PMID = 21993183 }}</ref><ref name=pmid1815982> {{Cite journal | last1 = Gerlach | first1 = M. | last2 = Riederer | first2 = P. | last3 = Przuntek | first3 = H. | last4 = Youdim | first4 = MB. | title = MPTP mechanisms of neurotoxicity and their implications for Parkinson's disease. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol | volume = 208 | issue = 4 | pages = 273-86 | month = Dec | year = 1991 | doi = | PMID = 1815982 }}</ref> | ||
* Vascular. <ref name=pmid25917706>{{Cite journal | last1 = Korczyn | first1 = AD. | title = Vascular parkinsonism-characteristics, pathogenesis and treatment. | journal = Nat Rev Neurol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Apr | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.61 | PMID = 25917706 }}</ref> | |||
* Postencephalitic. <ref name=pmid20629120>{{Cite journal | last1 = Vilensky | first1 = JA. | last2 = Gilman | first2 = S. | last3 = McCall | first3 = S. | title = A historical analysis of the relationship between encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism: a complex rather than a direct relationship. | journal = Mov Disord | volume = 25 | issue = 9 | pages = 1116-23 | month = Jul | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/mds.22908 | PMID = 20629120 }}</ref> | |||
* Tramuatic (Dementia pugilistica).<ref name=pmid24398724>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chauhan | first1 = NB. | title = Chronic neurodegenerative consequences of traumatic brain injury. | journal = Restor Neurol Neurosci | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 337-65 | month = | year = 2014 | doi = 10.3233/RNN-130354 | PMID = 24398724 }}</ref> | |||
=Amyloidoses= | =Amyloidoses= | ||
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=Alpha-synucleinopathies= | =Alpha-synucleinopathies= | ||
Without clincial information [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[Dementia with Lewy bodies]] cannot separated in histology. | |||
==Dementia with Lewy bodies== | ==Dementia with Lewy bodies== | ||
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Features: | Features: | ||
*[[Lewy bodies]]. | *[[Lewy bodies]]. | ||
*Lewy neurites. | |||
Note: Cortical Lewy bodies are easily missed in HE. | |||
===IHC=== | ===IHC=== | ||
*Alpha-synuclein +ve. | *Alpha-synuclein +ve. | ||
===Images=== | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:DLB frontal lewy bodies HE.jpg | Lewy bodies in frontal cortex of DLB. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:A synuclein cortex DLB.jpg | Alpha-synculein IHC showing cortical Lewy bodies. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:Lewy neurites alpha synuclein.jpg | Alpha-synculein IHC showing Lewy Neurites in DLB. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Parkinson disease== | ==Parkinson disease== | ||
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***Consist of filaments composed of alpha-synuclein. | ***Consist of filaments composed of alpha-synuclein. | ||
*Lewy neurites - alpha-synuclein positive processes. | *Lewy neurites - alpha-synuclein positive processes. | ||
===IHC=== | ===IHC=== | ||
*Alpha-synuclein +ve. | *Alpha-synuclein +ve. | ||
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===Images=== | ===Images=== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png | Schematic progression of PD (PLOSone/Jubault et al.). | |||
File:Histological sample of Substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.jpg | Lewy body (HE, left) and Lewy neurite (aSyn IHC, right). | File:Histological sample of Substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.jpg | Lewy body (HE, left) and Lewy neurite (aSyn IHC, right). | ||
File:Lewy Body alphaSynuclein.jpg | Alpha-synculein positive Lewy body (WC/Marvin101). | File:Lewy Body alphaSynuclein.jpg | Alpha-synculein positive Lewy body (WC/Marvin101). | ||
File:Lewy bodies (alpha synuclein inclusions).jpg | Lewy body and Lewy neurites (WC/Suraj Rajan). | File:Lewy bodies (alpha synuclein inclusions).jpg | Lewy body and Lewy neurites (WC/Suraj Rajan). | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
===Molecular=== | |||
*Hereditary forms in less than 10% of the cases | |||
**Involved genes are consecutively labeled PARK1, PARK2.... | |||
==Multiple system atrophy== | ==Multiple system atrophy== | ||