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The article deals with '''microphotography''', i.e. creating '''microphotos'''. | [[Image:Teratoma 2 low mag.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Micrograph]] of a [[teratoma]]. [[H&E stain]].]] | ||
The article deals with '''microphotography''', i.e. creating '''microphotos'''. | |||
=Camera | =Taking the picture= | ||
==The keys to good pictures== | |||
*Spend time on set-up. | |||
**Clean the slide. | |||
**Look for the pristine areas without artifacts, e.g. folds. | |||
*Composition. | |||
**Put normal beside pathologic - so one has a reference point. | |||
***Transititions are usually interesting. | |||
**Where to put the centre of interest: | |||
***Truly beautiful: use the ''rule of thirds'' - see ''[[Microphotography#Composition|composition section]]''. | |||
***Functional: centre of interest in the centre. | |||
*Focus. | |||
**Sharpness of nuclear membrane and detail in the cytoplasm. | |||
*White balance. | |||
*[[De-vignetting]]. | |||
*Pictures at different magnification. | |||
**Sets are usually better than one. | |||
**Many entities have high and low power features. | |||
***It is often impossible to capture them with one picture. | |||
==Camera settings== | |||
Exposure compensation: | Exposure compensation: | ||
*None. | *None. | ||
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*Normal. | *Normal. | ||
=Focusing= | ==Focusing== | ||
Setting live view: | Setting live view: | ||
*Rench (II). | *Rench (II). | ||
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Use the zoom button (on the camera): press twice to digitally magnify 10x. | Use the zoom button (on the camera): press twice to digitally magnify 10x. | ||
*Focus microscope as usual (@ 10x digital magnification). | *Focus microscope as usual (@ 10x digital magnification). | ||
Note: | |||
*Post-processing will not fix a blurry image. The way to get sharp images is take sharp pictures! | |||
==Composition== | |||
[[Image:Rivertree thirds md.gif|thumb|150px|A picture that uses the ''rule of thirds''. (WC)]] | |||
Functional pictures that tell a story and are easy to understand: | |||
*The centre of interest at the centre. | |||
An artsy look can be achieved by making use of the [[Wikipedia:Rule_of_thirds|rule of thirds]]. | |||
*Rule of thirds: centre of interest is at one of the four intersects of the imaginary lines that divide the image into thirds. | |||
=Post-processing= | =Post-processing= | ||
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#Set to "background color". | #Set to "background color". | ||
== | ==Vignetting== | ||
The | Defintion: | ||
*The edge of images are darker than the centre. | |||
Microscope configuration: | |||
*[[Köhler illumination]]. | |||
*Ensure diaphragm is open. | |||
Some random notes: | |||
*Software for microscope cameras usually have de-vignetting tools. The tools go by different names and usually entail taking a background image. Ideally, one should shoot the background image at the same magnification as the (primary) image. | |||
*Vignetting is usually worse at lower magnification. | |||
Random links: | |||
*[http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4.html http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4.html]. | *[http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4.html http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4.html]. | ||
*[http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4-videos.html http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4-videos.html]. | *[http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4-videos.html http://www.gimp.org/release-notes/gimp-2.4-videos.html]. | ||
===De-vignetting | ===De-vignetting=== | ||
====Student method==== | |||
#Take picture as one wants. | #Take picture as one wants. | ||
#Remove slide and shoot the background. | #Remove slide and shoot the background. | ||
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#Invert background. | #Invert background. | ||
#Save as jpg (merge with background). | #Save as jpg (merge with background). | ||
====Adapted from codeforhire.com==== | |||
Procedure:<ref>URL: [http://codeforhire.com/2013/06/29/simple-image-devignetting/ http://codeforhire.com/2013/06/29/simple-image-devignetting/]. Accessed on: October 16, 2014.</ref> | |||
#Load image in GIMP. | |||
#Duplicate layer (right click on layer and select ''Duplicate Layer''). | |||
#Apply Gaussian blur to top layer. | |||
#*Filters -> Blur -> Gaussian Blur | |||
#**Select a ''blur radius'' 1/5 of the smallest dimension of the image. | |||
#***If the image is 2768x2110, the blur radius should be 2110/5=422. | |||
#Invert top layer (Colors - Invert). | |||
#Change top layer to ''Overlay'' mode. | |||
#Normal top (masking) layer (Colors - Auto - Normalize). | |||
#Adjust brightness of (top) layer (Colors - Brightness-Contrast). | |||
#Merge layers. | |||
#*Right click on top layer and select ''Merge Down''. | |||
==Stitching== | ==Stitching== | ||
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*[http://hugin.sourceforge.net/ Hugin (sourceforge.net)]. | *[http://hugin.sourceforge.net/ Hugin (sourceforge.net)]. | ||
Image: | ===Images=== | ||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Londonpanorama.jpg | Example of stitching. (WC) | |||
Image:Enterobius - very low mag.jpg | Another example of stitching. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Focus stacking== | ==Focus stacking== | ||
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Image: | Image: | ||
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg Example of focus stacking (WC)]. | *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly.jpg Example of focus stacking (WC)]. | ||
==Dirt and defects== | |||
*It is best to clean the slide. | |||
**''Photons are free... time is not.'' | |||
*Dirt and defects can be removed with the ''clone'' tool in GIMP. | |||
==Sharpening== | |||
*Images should be sharpened to enhance edges. | |||
**This is particularly important if the image is projected on a large screen and/or enlarged. | |||
**Over-sharpening makes images look like caricatures. | |||
*Sharpening should be the last step in post-processing. | |||
==Animation== | |||
[[Image:Squamous carcinoma - lung FNA -- high and very high mag - animation.gif|thumb|right|An animated GIF showing [[squamous carcinoma of the lung]]. (WC)]] | |||
*GIMP has a [https://www.gimp.org/tutorials/Simple_Animations/ nice tutorial (gimp.org)] on how it can be done. | |||
*Animations are particularly useful for [[cytopathology]]. | |||
=See also= | =See also= | ||
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*[[Digital ISO]]. | *[[Digital ISO]]. | ||
*[[Micrographs]]. | *[[Micrographs]]. | ||
*[[Image annotation]]. | |||
*[[Micrograph wishlist]]. | |||
=References= | =References= | ||
{{reflist| | {{reflist|1}} | ||
=External links= | =External links= |
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