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Microorganisms (view source)

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=Microorganisms=
=Microorganisms=
==Fungi==
==Fungi==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Name (disease)
! Name (disease)
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| ? Immunosuppression
| ? Immunosuppression
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg Aspergillus (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis_cytology.jpg Aspergillus cytology (WC)]
| [[Image:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Aspergillus. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales ([[mucormycosis]])
| Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis)
| Fungi
| Fungi
| ?
| ?
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| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg Zygomycosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Zygomycosis.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Zygomycosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>([[coccidioidomycosis]])
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis)
| Fungi
| Fungi
| '''Large''' - 20-60 micrometers,<br> endospores 1-5 micrometers
| '''Large''' - 20-60 micrometers,<br> endospores 1-5 micrometers
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| Immunodeficient
| Immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg C. immitis (WC)] [http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=374&n=3 (webpathology.com)]
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [[Image:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg |thumb|center|150px|C. immitis (WC)]]  
|-
|-
| Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]])
| Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]])
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| Source: soil with bird droppings
| Source: soil with bird droppings
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg Histoplasmosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Histoplasmosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]])
| Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]])
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| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/blast1.jpg Blastomyces]
| [[Image:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG | thumb|center|150px|Blastomyces. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]])
| Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]])
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| Clinical???
| Clinical???
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg P. brasiliensis (WC)].
| [[Image:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg |thumb|center|150px|P. brasiliensis (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP)
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP)
| Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan)
| Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan)
| 7-8 micrometres
| 7-8 micrometres
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| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg PCP (WC)]
| [[Image:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg|thumb|center|150px| PCP. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]])  
| Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]])
| Fungi  
| Fungi  
| 5-15 micrometres
| 5-15 micrometres
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| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - methenamine silver (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)].
| [[Image:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)]]
|}
|}
Notes:
Notes:
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=Worms & stuff=
=Worms & stuff=


==Schistosoma==
==Schistosomiasis==
:''See [[Urine cytopathology]]''.
:''See [[Urine cytopathology]]''.
*Associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the [[urinary bladder|bladder]].  
===General===
*Trematode, i.e. type of worm.
 
*Due to:
**''Schistosoma mansoni''.
**''Schistosoma haematobium''.
**''Schistosoma japonicum''
*''S. haematobium'' infection associated with [[squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]].
**Classically presents with hematuria.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features of ova:
Features of ova (''S. haematobium''):<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/dx.html]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref>
* Elliptical ~80 micrometres max dimension.
* Elliptical ~140 micrometres max dimension.
* S. haematobium has a "spike" approx. the size of a PMN.  
* "Spike" approx. the size of a [[PMN]].  


Image:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schistosomiasis_haematobia.jpg Schistosomiasis haematobia (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Schistosomiasis_haematobia.jpg | Schistosomiasis haematobia. (WC)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (1) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (2) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (3) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Schistosoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622.html Schistosomiasis - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/images/fig08.jpg Comparison of Schistosome eggs (upmc.edu/Lancet)].


==Toxoplasma==
==Toxoplasma==
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**''Toxoplasma gondii'' - pathogenic; causes ''toxoplasmosis''.
**''Toxoplasma gondii'' - pathogenic; causes ''toxoplasmosis''.
*Protozoa.
*Protozoa.
*A [[TORCH infection]].


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
General:
General:
*Dependent on location in body.
*Tachyzoites (Invasive form):
**Crescent-shaped organisms that are 2-3μm wide by 4-8μm long.
*Bradyzoites:
**Are founded within the tissue cysts and are shorter than tachyzoites.
*Oocysst:
**Ovoid shape that measures 10μm to 12μm and contains four sporozoites.
 
*Histopathological features depend on location in body.


====Lymph node====
====Lymph node====
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*Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.
*Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.


Images (CNS):
=====Images (CNS)=====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxoplasmosis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg CNS toxoplasmosis - very high mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxoplasmosis_-_ihc_-_very_high_mag.jpg CNS toxoplasmosis - IHC - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_ihc_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - IHC - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Composites/FND5IE01-Toxoplasmosis-Micro.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Composites/FND5IE01-Toxoplasmosis-Micro.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case350.html Toxoplasmosis - several images (upmc.edu)].
====Heart====
Features:
*Intramuscular organisms.
DDx:
*[[Chagas disease]]. (???)
Images (heart):
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case160.html Toxoplasmosis (upmc.edu)].


===IHC===
===IHC===
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*~10-15 micrometers wide.
*~10-15 micrometers wide.


Images:
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Strongyloides_stercoralis_larva.jpg | Strongyloides. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)].
*[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strongyloides_stercoralis_larva.jpg Strongyloides (WC)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)].


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==Enterobius vermicularis==
==Enterobius vermicularis==
*AKA ''pinworm''.
*AKA ''pinworm''.
===General===
*Classically found in a [[vermiform appendix]] removed for appendicitis that does not have [[acute appendicitis]].<ref name=pmid7945067>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dahlstrom | first1 = JE. | last2 = Macarthur | first2 = EB. | title = Enterobius vermicularis: a possible cause of symptoms resembling appendicitis. | journal = Aust N Z J Surg | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 692-4 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi =  | PMID = 7945067 }}</ref>
**See: ''[[Vermiform appendix#Enterobius vermicularis]]''.


Features:<ref name=Ref_APBR685>{{Ref APBR|685}}</ref>
===Gross===
*Ovoid eggs - double walled shells, one side flat.
*Peri-anal white squiggly thing ~ 2-13 mm in length.


Images:
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinworms_in_the_Appendix_%281%29.jpg Pinworm (WC)].
*[http://www.dijitalimaj.com/alamyDetail.aspx?img={14157DA6-DBE8-4E03-BE4A-69591588E153} Pinworm (dijitalimaj.com)].
 
===Microscopic===
Features - organism:
*0.2-0.5 mm width x 2-13 mm length.
*Characteristic triangular "spikes" seen on cross section - base x height ~ 30 x 30 μm.
**''Spikes'' is in quotations, as these are really a longitudinal blade-like ridges, that run the length of the worm.
 
Features - eggs:<ref name=Ref_APBR685>{{Ref APBR|685}}</ref>
*Ovoid - double walled shells, one side flat.


====Images====
www:
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/enterobius.html Enterobius (brown.edu)].
<gallery>
Image:Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Enterobius - very low mag. (WC)
Image:Enterobius_-_high_mag.jpg | Enterobius - high mag. (WC)
Image:Pinworms_in_the_Appendix_%281%29.jpg | Pinworm (WC)
</gallery>
==Trichinella==
==Trichinella==
===General===
===General===
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*Caused by ''Taenia solium''; pork tapeworm.
*Caused by ''Taenia solium''; pork tapeworm.
*May cause [[epilepsy]]; most common parasitic CNS infection.<ref name=pmid19208982>{{cite journal |author=Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Singh AK |title=Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review |journal=J. Biosci. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=571–82 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19208982 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*May cause [[epilepsy]]; most common parasitic CNS infection.<ref name=pmid19208982>{{cite journal |author=Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Singh AK |title=Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review |journal=J. Biosci. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=571–82 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19208982 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Gross===
*Multiple cystic spaces.
Image:
*[http://reference.medscape.com/features/slideshow/neurocysticercosis Neurocysticercosis (medscape.com)].
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Large ovoid body with complex structures (cross-section of worm) - size: millimetres.
**+/-External eosinophilic microvilli.
**+/-Gastrointestinal tract - ovoid structure within the worm.
Notes:
*Histomorphology is not distinctive for the type... microbiology usually figures it out.
Images:
*[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/imagelibrary/A-F/Cysticercosis/body_Cysticercosis_il1.htm Cysticercosis (cdc.gov)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116340/enlarge Cysticercosis (sciencephoto.com)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case154.html Neurocysticercosis - case 1 (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case376.html Neurocysticercosis - case 2 (upmc.edu)].
==Rhinosporidiosis==
:'''''Not''' to be confused with [[rhinoscleroma]]''.
===General===
*Caused by parasite ''Rinosporidium seeberi''.
**India, Sri Lanka.
*Nasal mass.
**May present with obstruction.<ref name=pmid16945122/>
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.histopathology-india.net/Rhino.htm http://www.histopathology-india.net/Rhino.htm]. Accessed on: 4 January 2012.</ref><ref name=pmid16945122/>
*Globular cysts ~ 100 micrometers with endospores:
**Hyperchromatic (blue) spherical 10-100 micrometer.
Images:
*[http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/imagesFORL/11-02-19-fig01-ing.gif Rhinosporidiosis (arquivosdeorl.org.br)].<ref>URL: [http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/acervo_eng.asp?id=428 http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/acervo_eng.asp?id=428]. 4 January 2012.</ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/figure/F1/ Rhinosporidiosis (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid16945122>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Morelli | first1 = L. | last2 = Polce | first2 = M. | last3 = Piscioli | first3 = F. | last4 = Del Nonno | first4 = F. | last5 = Covello | first5 = R. | last6 = Brenna | first6 = A. | last7 = Cione | first7 = A. | last8 = Licci | first8 = S. | title = Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report. | journal = Diagn Pathol | volume = 1 | issue =  | pages = 25 | month =  | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1596-1-25 | PMID = 16945122 |PMC = 1560165 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/?tool=pubmed}}</ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/figure/F2/ Rhinosporidiosis (nih.gov)].
===Stains===
*[[GMS stain]] +ve organisms.
==Leishmaniasis==
===General===
*Caused by protozoa in the group ''Leishmania'' group.
*Transmitted to humans by the ''sand fly''.
May be:
*Cutaneous.<ref name=pmid20377337>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Goto | first1 = H. | last2 = Lindoso | first2 = JA. | title = Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. | journal = Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 419-33 | month = Apr | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1586/eri.10.19 | PMID = 20377337 }}</ref>
*Mucocutaneous.<ref name=pmid20377337/>
*Visceral.<ref name=pmid19708817>{{Cite journal  | last1 = den Boer | first1 = ML. | last2 = Alvar | first2 = J. | last3 = Davidson | first3 = RN. | last4 = Ritmeijer | first4 = K. | last5 = Balasegaram | first5 = M. | title = Developments in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. | journal = Expert Opin Emerg Drugs | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 395-410 | month = Sep | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1517/14728210903153862 | PMID = 19708817 }}</ref>
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Small ~1-2 micrometers.
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Leishmania_donovani_01.png | Leishmania - smear. (WC)
Image:Leishmania_2009-04-14_smear.JPG | Leishmania - bone marrow. (WC)
Image:Cutaneous_Leishmaniasis_x100 | Leishmania - cutaneous. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/index.html Leishmania and sand fly (cdc.gov)].
===Stains===
*[[Giemsa stain]] - highlights organisms.


=Viruses=
=Viruses=
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=Microorganisms and cancer=
=Microorganisms and cancer=
==Viruses and cancer==
A number of microorganisms are associated with the development of cancer:<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|168}}</ref>
A number of microorganisms are associated with the development of cancer:<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|168}}</ref>
*[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) - cancer of cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, head & neck.
*[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) - cancer of cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, head & neck.
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]] - [[Burkitt lymphoma]], [[Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder]], classical [[Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]].
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]] - [[Burkitt lymphoma]], [[Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder]], classical [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] (all but ''[[Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma|nodular sclerosis HL]]''), [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]].
*[[Hepatitis B]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Hepatitis B]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Hepatitis C]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Hepatitis C]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Lymphoma#Adult_T-cell_leukemia.2Flymphoma|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I]] (HTLV-1) - [[Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma]].
*[[Lymphoma#Adult_T-cell_leukemia.2Flymphoma|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I]] (HTLV-1) - [[Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma]].
*[[Human herpesvirus-8]] (HHV-8) - [[Kaposi sarcoma]].
*[[Human herpesvirus-8]] (HHV-8) - [[Kaposi sarcoma]], [[primary effusion lymphoma]], body cavity lymphoma.  
*[[Merkel cell carcinoma|Merkel cell polyomavirus]] - [[Merkel cell carcinoma]].
*[[Merkel cell carcinoma|Merkel cell polyomavirus]] - [[Merkel cell carcinoma]].
==Bacteria and cancer==
*[[Helicobacter pylori]] - [[MALT lymphoma]], [[gastric carcinoma]].
==Parasites and cancer==
*[[Schistosoma haematobium]] - [[squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]].
*Clonorchis sinensis (AKA Opisthorchis sinensis) - [[cholangiocarcinoma]].
*Opisthorchis viverrini - [[cholangiocarcinoma]].


=See also=
=See also=
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{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


=External links=
*[http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/index.html Pathology of Infectious Diseases (fujita-hu.ac.jp)].


[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Microorganisms]]
[[Category:Microorganisms]]
Abraham
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