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[[Image:Laryngeal squamous carcinoma - LVI -- very high mag.jpg|thumb|right|Lymphovascular invasion in a case of [[laryngeal cancer]]. [[H&E stain]].]] | |||
'''Lymphovascular invasion''', also '''lymphovascular space invasion''', is (non-hematologic) malignant cells within [[blood vessels]] and/or lymphatics. It is abbreviated '''LVI'''. | '''Lymphovascular invasion''', also '''lymphovascular space invasion''', is (non-hematologic) malignant cells within [[blood vessels]] and/or lymphatics. It is abbreviated '''LVI'''. | ||
The term ''lymphovascular invasion'' is preferred to ''vascular invasion'', as it is very difficult to differentiate morphologically small lymphatics and small vascular spaces, without [[immunohistochemistry]]. | The term ''lymphovascular invasion'' is preferred to ''[[vascular invasion]]'', as it is very difficult to differentiate morphologically small lymphatics and small vascular spaces, without [[immunohistochemistry]]. | ||
==General== | ==General== | ||
*LVI, in the TNM staging system, does '''not''' affect tumour stage; however, there are exceptions. | *LVI, in the [[TNM staging system]], does '''not''' affect tumour stage; however, there are exceptions. | ||
**Exceptions: | **Exceptions: | ||
***[[Seminoma]]. | ***[[Seminoma]]. | ||
*LVI generally = poorer prognosis.<ref name=pmid10101593>{{Cite journal | last1 = Moreira | first1 = LF. | last2 = Kenmotsu | first2 = M. | last3 = Gochi | first3 = A. | last4 = Tanaka | first4 = N. | last5 = Orita | first5 = K. | title = Lymphovascular and neural invasion in low-lying rectal carcinoma. | journal = Cancer Detect Prev | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 123-8 | month = | year = 1999 | doi = | PMID = 10101593 }}</ref> | ***[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis]]. | ||
***Intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma ([[cholangiocarcinoma]]).<ref>URL: [http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2012/IntrahepBileDucts_12protocol_3101.pdf http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2012/IntrahepBileDucts_12protocol_3101.pdf]. Accessed on: 23 May 2013.</ref> | |||
***[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]].<ref>URL: [http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Hepatocellular_11protocol.pdf http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Hepatocellular_11protocol.pdf]. Accessed on: 6 April 2012.</ref> | |||
*Absence of LVI in the context of proven [[lymph node metastasis]] = sampling error.<ref name=pmid21545433>{{Cite journal | last1 = Han | first1 = JS. | last2 = Molberg | first2 = KH. | last3 = Sarode | first3 = V. | title = Predictors of invasion and axillary lymph node metastasis in patients with a core biopsy diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ: an analysis of 255 cases. | journal = Breast J | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 223-9 | month = | year = | doi = 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2011.01069.x | PMID = 21545433 }}</ref> | |||
*The prognostic significance of LVI, generally, is dependent on the tumour type and may depend on the tumour stage and lymph node status. | |||
**Most generally -- LVI = poorer prognosis.<ref name=pmid10101593>{{Cite journal | last1 = Moreira | first1 = LF. | last2 = Kenmotsu | first2 = M. | last3 = Gochi | first3 = A. | last4 = Tanaka | first4 = N. | last5 = Orita | first5 = K. | title = Lymphovascular and neural invasion in low-lying rectal carcinoma. | journal = Cancer Detect Prev | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 123-8 | month = | year = 1999 | doi = | PMID = 10101593 }}</ref> | |||
===Specific tumours and LVI=== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
!Tumour | |||
!Prognosis | |||
!Comment | |||
|- | |||
| [[Urothelial carcinoma]] | |||
| independent predictor of a poor prognosis in bladder tumours | |||
| LVI has more predictive power than [[tumour stage]] in the [[urinary bladder]];<ref name=pmid19494855>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cheng | first1 = L. | last2 = Montironi | first2 = R. | last3 = Davidson | first3 = DD. | last4 = Lopez-Beltran | first4 = A. | title = Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 22 Suppl 2 | issue = | pages = S70-95 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2009.1 | PMID = 19494855 | URL = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v22/n2s/full/modpathol20091a.html }}</ref> appears to be less important in upper urinary tract disease<ref name=pmid24954108>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = HS. | last2 = Kim | first2 = M. | last3 = Jeong | first3 = CW. | last4 = Kwak | first4 = C. | last5 = Kim | first5 = HH. | last6 = Ku | first6 = JH. | title = Presence of lymphovascular invasion in urothelial bladder cancer specimens after transurethral resections correlates with risk of upstaging and survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal = Urol Oncol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Jun | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.05.008 | PMID = 24954108 }}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Breast cancer]] | |||
| not an independent predictor<ref name=pmid19436035>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ejlertsen | first1 = B. | last2 = Jensen | first2 = MB. | last3 = Rank | first3 = F. | last4 = Rasmussen | first4 = BB. | last5 = Christiansen | first5 = P. | last6 = Kroman | first6 = N. | last7 = Kvistgaard | first7 = ME. | last8 = Overgaard | first8 = M. | last9 = Toftdahl | first9 = DB. | title = Population-based study of peritumoral lymphovascular invasion and outcome among patients with operable breast cancer. | journal = J Natl Cancer Inst | volume = 101 | issue = 10 | pages = 729-35 | month = May | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djp090 | PMID = 19436035 }}</ref> | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| [[Colorectal carcinoma]] | |||
| independent predictor of poorer prognosis (sporadic cancers)<ref name=pmid20305435>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lim | first1 = SB. | last2 = Yu | first2 = CS. | last3 = Jang | first3 = SJ. | last4 = Kim | first4 = TW. | last5 = Kim | first5 = JH. | last6 = Kim | first6 = JC. | title = Prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion in sporadic colorectal cancer. | journal = Dis Colon Rectum | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 377-84 | month = Apr | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181cf8ae5 | PMID = 20305435 }}</ref> | |||
| may be used as a [[quality]] measure; 25% of cases should have vascular invasion<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Messenger | first1 = DE. | last2 = Driman | first2 = DK. | last3 = Riddell | first3 = R. | last4 = McLeod | first4 = R. | last5 = Kirsch | first5 = R. | title = Is Venous Invasion in Colorectal Cancer an Under-Reported Finding | |||
among Canadian Pathologists? Results of a Population-Based Survey | |||
of Ontario Pathologists. | journal = Can J Pathol | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 46-9 | month = | year = 2012 | doi = | PMID = | url = http://www.allegrahamilton.com/publications/ajp/cjp/p4_2/ }} </ref> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Microscopic== | ==Microscopic== | ||
| Line 24: | Line 53: | ||
*Criteria for LVI vary by the site/tumour. | *Criteria for LVI vary by the site/tumour. | ||
**In some sites, the first criterium (tumour cells outside of the tumour proper) isn't required. | **In some sites, the first criterium (tumour cells outside of the tumour proper) isn't required. | ||
===Images=== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Merkel_cell_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg | Small focus of LVI in a [[merkel cell carcinoma]]. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: Seminoma LVI -- low mag.jpg | [[LVI]] - low mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: Seminoma LVI -- intermed mag.jpg | LVI - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - HE -- very low mag.jpg | [[colorectal carcinoma|CRC]] with LVI - very low mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - HE -- low mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - low mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - HE -- intermed mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - HE - alt -- high mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - high mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - HE -- very high mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - very high mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Stains== | ==Stains== | ||
*[[Movat stain]] - especially useful in [[colorectal carcinoma]] so one can readily identify [[blood vessel]]s.<ref name=pmid19861561>{{Cite journal | last1 = Howlett | first1 = CJ. | last2 = Tweedie | first2 = EJ. | last3 = Driman | first3 = DK. | title = Use of an elastic stain to show venous invasion in colorectal carcinoma: a simple technique for detection of an important prognostic factor. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 62 | issue = 11 | pages = 1021-5 | month = Nov | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2009.065615 | PMID = 19861561 }}</ref> | *[[Movat stain]] - especially useful in [[colorectal carcinoma]] so one can readily identify [[blood vessel]]s.<ref name=pmid19861561>{{Cite journal | last1 = Howlett | first1 = CJ. | last2 = Tweedie | first2 = EJ. | last3 = Driman | first3 = DK. | title = Use of an elastic stain to show venous invasion in colorectal carcinoma: a simple technique for detection of an important prognostic factor. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 62 | issue = 11 | pages = 1021-5 | month = Nov | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2009.065615 | PMID = 19861561 }}</ref> | ||
*Elastin stain. | |||
===Images=== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - elastin -- very low mag.jpg | [[colorectal carcinoma|CRC]] with LVI - elastin - very low mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - elastin -- low mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - elastin - low mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - elastin -- intermed mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - elastin - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - elastin - alt -- high mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - elastin - high mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
Image: CRC with LVI - elastin -- very high mag.jpg | CRC with LVI - elastin - very high mag. (WC/Nephron) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==IHC== | ==IHC== | ||
| Line 34: | Line 86: | ||
Markers with high specific to lymphatic spaces: | Markers with high specific to lymphatic spaces: | ||
*D2-40. | *[[D2-40]]. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Cancer]]. | *[[Cancer]]. | ||
*[[Intravascular lymphoma]]. | *[[Intravascular lymphoma]]. | ||
*[[Perineural invasion]]. | |||
*[[Angioinvasion]]. | |||
*[[MELF]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||