Difference between revisions of "Lymph node pathology"

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Lymph node pathology (view source)

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==Lymph node metastasis==
==Lymph node metastasis==
===General===
{{Main|Lymph node metastasis}}
*Determination of ''lymph node status'' is one of the most common indications for the examination of lymph nodes.
*It is a good idea to look at the tumour (if available) ...before looking at the LNs for mets.
*Lymph node metastasis, in the absence of other metastases, often up-stage a cancer from [[cancer staging|stage]] II to stage III.
 
===Gross===
*Outside:
**"Large" - size varies by site.
***Neck >10 mm.<ref name=pmid18337039>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mack | first1 = MG. | last2 = Rieger | first2 = J. | last3 = Baghi | first3 = M. | last4 = Bisdas | first4 = S. | last5 = Vogl | first5 = TJ. | title = Cervical lymph nodes. | journal = Eur J Radiol | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 493-500 | month = Jun | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.019 | PMID = 18337039 }}</ref>
**Shape - round more suspicious than oval.
*Sectioned:
**White firm lesion with irregular border - classic appearance.
**Non-fatty hilum.<ref name=pmid18337039/>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Foreign cell population - '''key feature'''.
**Classic location: subcapsular sinuses.
*+/-Cells with cytologic features of malignancy.
**Nuclear pleomorphism (variation in size, shape and staining).
**Nuclear atypia:
***Nuclear enlargement.
***Irregular nuclear membrane.
***Irregular chromatin pattern, esp. asymmetry.
***Large or irregular nucleolus.
**Abundant mitotic figures.
*+/-Cells in architectural arrangements seen in malignancy; highly variable - dependent on tumour type and differentiation.
**+/-Gland formation.
**+/-Single cells.
**+/-Small clusters of cells.
 
Notes:
#Cytologic features of malignancy may not be present; some tumours, e.g. gallbladder carcinoma, do not always have overt cytologic features of malignancy.
#*The diagnosis is based on the fact that they are foreign to the lymph node ''and'' architecturally consistent with a well-differentiated malignancy.
#[[Soft_tissue_lesions#Lymph_node_metastases_in_sarcomas|Lymph node metastases in sarcomas]] are uncommon; they are seen in <3% of cases.<ref name=pmid8424704>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fong | first1 = Y. | last2 = Coit | first2 = DG. | last3 = Woodruff | first3 = JM. | last4 = Brennan | first4 = MF. | title = Lymph node metastasis from soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Analysis of data from a prospective database of 1772 sarcoma patients. | journal = Ann Surg | volume = 217 | issue = 1 | pages = 72-7 | month = Jan | year = 1993 | doi =  | PMID = 8424704 | PMC = 1242736}}</ref>
#Fatty lymph nodes (esp. fatty hilus<ref name=pmid18337039>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mack | first1 = MG. | last2 = Rieger | first2 = J. | last3 = Baghi | first3 = M. | last4 = Bisdas | first4 = S. | last5 = Vogl | first5 = TJ. | title = Cervical lymph nodes. | journal = Eur J Radiol | volume = 66 | issue = 3 | pages = 493-500 | month = Jun | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.019 | PMID = 18337039 }}</ref>) are less likely to harbor metastases.<ref name=pmid21972135>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Korteweg | first1 = MA. | last2 = Veldhuis | first2 = WB. | last3 = Mali | first3 = WP. | last4 = Diepstraten | first4 = SC. | last5 = Luijten | first5 = PR. | last6 = van den Bosch | first6 = MA. | last7 = Eijkemans | first7 = RM. | last8 = van Diest | first8 = PJ. | last9 = Klomp | first9 = DW. | title = Investigation of lipid composition of dissected sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients by 7T proton MR spectroscopy. | journal = J Magn Reson Imaging | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 387-92 | month = Feb | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/jmri.22820 | PMID = 21972135 }}</ref>
 
DDx - mimics of metastatic disease:
*[[Endometriosis]].
*Ectopic [[decidua]].<ref name=pmid15859655>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wu | first1 = DC. | last2 = Hirschowitz | first2 = S. | last3 = Natarajan | first3 = S. | title = Ectopic decidua of pelvic lymph nodes: a potential diagnostic pitfall. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 129 | issue = 5 | pages = e117-20 | month = May | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165(2005)129e117:EDOPLN2.0.CO;2 | PMID = 15859655 }}</ref>
*[[Endosalpingiosis]].<ref name=pmid20631604>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Corben | first1 = AD. | last2 = Nehhozina | first2 = T. | last3 = Garg | first3 = K. | last4 = Vallejo | first4 = CE. | last5 = Brogi | first5 = E. | title = Endosalpingiosis in axillary lymph nodes: a possible pitfall in the staging of patients with breast carcinoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 34 | issue = 8 | pages = 1211-6 | month = Aug | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181e5e03e | PMID = 20631604 }}</ref>
*Melanocytic nevus - intracapsular or within the trabeculae.<ref name=pmid12717252>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Biddle | first1 = DA. | last2 = Evans | first2 = HL. | last3 = Kemp | first3 = BL. | last4 = El-Naggar | first4 = AK. | last5 = Harvell | first5 = JD. | last6 = White | first6 = WL. | last7 = Iskandar | first7 = SS. | last8 = Prieto | first8 = VG. | title = Intraparenchymal nevus cell aggregates in lymph nodes: a possible diagnostic pitfall with malignant melanoma and carcinoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 673-81 | month = May | year = 2003 | doi =  | PMID = 12717252 }}</ref>
*[[Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy]].{{fact}}
*[[Sinus histiocytosis]] - especially for the junior resident.
*[[Tumour deposit]] (discoutinuous extramural extension) - definition dependent on primary tumour (e.g. in the head & neck they are tumour replaced lymph nodes, in the colon they are considered separate and not counted as lymph nodes).
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Breast_carcinoma_in_a_lymph_node.jpg | Breast carcinoma LN metastasis (WC)
Image:Lymph_node_with_papillary_thyroid_carcinoma.jpg | Thyroid carcinoma LN metastasis (WC)
Image:Crc_met_to_node1.jpg | Colorectal carcinoma LN metastasis (WC)
Image:Lymph_node_with_metastatic_melanoma_-_by_Gabriel_Caponetti,_MD.jpg | Melanoma in a lymph node. (WC)
</gallery>
=====Mimics=====
<gallery>
Image:Decidua_in_a_lymph_node_-_low_mag.jpg | Decidua in a LN - low mag. (WC)
Image:Decidua_in_a_lymph_node_-_high_mag.jpg | Decidua in a LN - high mag. (WC)
Image:Endometriosis_lymph_node_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Endometriosis in a LN - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Endosalpingiosis_in_lymph_node_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Endosalpingiosis in a LN - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Endosalpingiosis_in_lymph_node_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Endosalpingiosis in a LN - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


==Kaposi sarcoma==
==Kaposi sarcoma==
Michael
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