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====Adrenal fetal fat pattern====
====Adrenal fetal fat pattern====
*Can be access with ''oil red O'' staining.
*Can be assessed with ''oil red O'' staining.


The pattern of adrenal fat is informative about duration of stress prior to (intrauterine) demise:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Becker MJ, Becker AE |title=Fat distribution in the adrenal cortex as an indication of the mode of intrauterine death |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=495–504 |year=1976 |month=September |pmid=964978 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
The pattern of adrenal fat is informative about duration of stress prior to (intrauterine) demise:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Becker MJ, Becker AE |title=Fat distribution in the adrenal cortex as an indication of the mode of intrauterine death |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=495–504 |year=1976 |month=September |pmid=964978 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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Additional ref.: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1545415/pdf/archdisch00800-0007.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1545415/pdf/archdisch00800-0007.pdf].
Additional ref.: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1545415/pdf/archdisch00800-0007.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1545415/pdf/archdisch00800-0007.pdf].
===Kidney===
===Kidney===
*Cortex regresses.
*Cortex regresses.
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*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thymic_corpuscle.jpg Thymic corpuscle (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thymic_corpuscle.jpg Thymic corpuscle (WC)].


==Amnion rupture sequence==
==Amniotic rupture sequence==
A term that encompasses:<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/neurotest/Q11-Ans.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/neurotest/Q11-Ans.htm]. Accessed on: 26 October 2010.</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''amnion rupture sequence''.
*Amniotic band syndrome.
===General===
The term encompasses:<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/neurotest/Q11-Ans.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/neurotest/Q11-Ans.htm]. Accessed on: 26 October 2010.</ref>
*Amniotic band syndrome.<ref name=pmid2624577>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lin | first1 = HH. | last2 = Wu | first2 = CC. | last3 = Hsieh | first3 = FJ. | last4 = Hsieh | first4 = CY. | last5 = Lee | first5 = TY. | title = Amniotic rupture sequence: report of five cases. | journal = Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 343-50 | month = Dec | year = 1989 | doi =  | PMID = 2624577 }}</ref>
*Amniotic adhesion sequence.  
*Amniotic adhesion sequence.  
*Limb-body wall complex
*Limb-body wall complex - characterized by ventral body wall defects.<ref name=pmid18603699>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Prasun | first1 = P. | last2 = Behera | first2 = BK. | last3 = Pradhan | first3 = M. | title = Limb body wall complex. | journal = Indian J Pathol Microbiol | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 255-6 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 18603699 }}</ref>


===Etiology===
Etiology:
*Congenital.
*Congenital.
**Karyotypes is normal.
**Thought to arise due to an amniotic tear in the first trimester.<ref name=pmid19180633>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jamsheer | first1 = A. | last2 = Materna-Kiryluk | first2 = A. | last3 = Badura-Stronka | first3 = M. | last4 = Wiśniewska | first4 = K. | last5 = Wieckowska | first5 = B. | last6 = Mejnartowicz | first6 = J. | last7 = Balcar-Boroń | first7 = A. | last8 = Borszewska-Kornacka | first8 = M. | last9 = Czerwionka-Szaflarska | first9 = M. | title = Comparative study of clinical characteristics of amniotic rupture sequence with and without body wall defect: further evidence for separation. | journal = Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol | volume = 85 | issue = 3 | pages = 211-5 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1002/bdra.20555 | PMID = 19180633 }}</ref>
**Karyotypes are usually normal.


===Gross===
===Gross===
Features:
*Autoamputation of appendages and body wall defects +/- anomalies of internal organs.
*Autoamputation of appendages and body wall defects +/- anomalies of internal organs.
*+/-Fibrous bands (seen cases labelled ''amniotic band syndrome'').
Images:
*[http://www.sonoworld.com/fetus/page.aspx?id=2318 Amniotic band syndrome - gross (sonoworld.com)].
*[http://www.gfmer.ch/genetic_diseases_v2/gendis_detail_list.php?offset=15&cat3=535 Amniotic band syndrome - several images (gfmer.ch)].


==Developmental stuff==
==Developmental stuff==
===Chiari malformations===
===Neural tube defects===
Numbered from least severe to most severe:
*Anencephaly - no brain, top of head missing.
*Chiari type I - tonsils herniated<ref>URL: [http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/Disease.aspx?diseaseID=9230 http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/Disease.aspx?diseaseID=9230]. Accessed on: 6 May 2011.</ref> (radiologic definition: 4-6 mm below the plane of the foramen magnum).
*Spina bifida.
**Associated with: sudden death, sleep apnea, cerebellar ataxia.
**Spina bifida cystica.
*Chiari type II - often assoc. with hydrocephaly at birth.
***Meningocele - less severe, herniation of only the membrane.
*Chiari type III - cerebellum + brain stem herniate through foramen magnum +/- encephalocele.<ref>URL: [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/chiari/detail_chiari.htm http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/chiari/detail_chiari.htm]. Accessed on: 6 May 2011.</ref>
***Myelomeningocele - more sever, herniation of membranes and cord.
*Chiari type IV - cerebellar hypoplasia or no cerebellum.
**Spina bifida occulta.
 
===Chiari malformation===
{{Main|Chiari malformation}}


===Dandy-Walker syndrome===
===Dandy-Walker syndrome===
*[[AKA]] Dandy-Walker malformation.
*[[AKA]] Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM).
*Prevalence: ~ 1/5000 live borns.
*Prevalence: ~ 1/5000 live borns.
*Diagnosis: ultrasound.
*Diagnosis: ultrasound.
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DDx:
DDx:
*Arachnoid cyst.
*Arachnoid cyst.
*Blake's pouch.<ref name=pmid10872175>URL: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10872175 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10872175]. Accessed on: 6 May 2011.</ref>
*Blake's pouch cyst - on a contiunuum with DWM.<ref name=pmid10872175>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Calabrò | first1 = F. | last2 = Arcuri | first2 = T. | last3 = Jinkins | first3 = JR. | title = Blake's pouch cyst: an entity within the Dandy-Walker continuum. | journal = Neuroradiology | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 290-5 | month = Apr | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10872175 }}</ref>


==Growth parameters==
==Growth parameters==
Kai
1

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