Difference between revisions of "Eye"
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An introduction to neuropathology is in the ''[[neuropathology]]'' article. | An introduction to neuropathology is in the ''[[neuropathology]]'' article. | ||
=Procedures= | |||
*Evisceration - eye muscles left intact. | |||
*Enucleation. | |||
*Exenteration. | |||
=Anatomy= | =Anatomy= | ||
| Line 11: | Line 16: | ||
#Sclera. | #Sclera. | ||
#*Similar to cornea - normally has blood vessels. | #*Similar to cornea - normally has blood vessels. | ||
===Optic nerve=== | |||
*Surrounded by CSF. | |||
*Covered by dura. | |||
===Inside to outside=== | ===Inside to outside=== | ||
| Line 169: | Line 178: | ||
*[[Neuropathology]]. | *[[Neuropathology]]. | ||
*[[CNS tumours]]. | *[[CNS tumours]]. | ||
===Retinal detachment=== | |||
===General=== | |||
*Blindness. | |||
Causes: | |||
*Trauma (classic). | |||
*Tumours - common in pathology specimens. | |||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features: | |||
*Retina separated from retinal pigment epithelium. | |||
*Eosinophilic exudate containing macrophages. | |||
=References= | =References= | ||
Revision as of 01:43, 27 January 2012
The eye is rarely seen by pathologists. They go to neuropathologists.
An introduction to neuropathology is in the neuropathology article.
Procedures
- Evisceration - eye muscles left intact.
- Enucleation.
- Exenteration.
Anatomy
Anterior to posterior
- Cornea.
- Iris.
- Lens.
- Conjunctiva - edge of cornea.
- Sclera.
- Similar to cornea - normally has blood vessels.
Optic nerve
- Surrounded by CSF.
- Covered by dura.
Inside to outside
- Retina.
- Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
- Choroid.
- Sclera.
Anterior angle
- Angle between cornea and iris.
Histology
Eye muscles
- The muscles that move the eye have a high nerve:muscle ratio = ~1:4.[1]
- Other muscles in the body ~1:250.
Conjunctiva
Features:[2]
- Stratified squamous.
- May be stratified columnar
- Goblet cells.
Cornea
Layers:[3]
- Epithelium layer.
- Squamoid cells.
- Bowman's layer.
- Indistinct.
- Stroma.
- Fibrous tissue.
- No blood vessels.
- Descemet’s layer.
- Indistinct.
- PAS _ve.
- Endothelium.
- Single layer.
Eye structures with melanocytes
Melanoma may arise from these sites:
- Iris.
- Conjunctiva.
- Ciliary bodies.
- Choroid.
Specific entities
Pinguecula
- Plural Pingueculae.
General
- Raizada et al.[4] suggest it is an early pterygium; however, this is disputed.
- Due to ultraviolet light exposure, e.g. sunlight.[5]
- Tend to be older than individuals afflicted with a pterygium.
Gross
- Yellow spot.
Microscopic
Features:
- Similar to pterygium.[5]
Pterygium
- AKA surfer eye.
General
- Pronounced: "tuh-rij-ee-uhm".[6]
- Conjunctiva lesion that covers part of the sclera.
- Sclera = white part of the eye.[7]
- Benign.
- Due to ultraviolet light exposure, i.e. sunlight.[5]
Image:
Microscopic
Features:[5]
- Hyaline material beneath epithelium.
- Elastic fibres beneath the hyaline material.
- +/-Inflammation.
- Solar elastosis.[8]
- Dense gray/light brown acellular material.
- Dilated vessels.[8]
DDx:
- Squamous dysplasia.
Images:
Eccrine hidrocystoma
General
- Benign.
- Eyelid lesion.
Clinical DDx:[9]
- Cystic BCC.
Microsopic
Features:
- Same histology as epidermal inclusion cyst.[9]
Retinoblastoma
General
- Rare.
- Malignant.
- May be familial.[10]
Microscopic
Features:
- Small round cell tumour.
- Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette - key feature.
- Rosette with empty centre (donut hole).[11]
- +/-Homer-Wright rosette.[12]
- Circular rosette with neuropil at the centre.[11]
Image:
Notes:
- DDx of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette includes: pineoblastomas, medulloepitheliomas.
Chalazion
General
- Benign eye thing.
Microscopic
Features:
- Granulomatous inflammation.[13]
- Around clear space (lipid).
- Plasma cells.
Image:
Retinal hemorrhage
Image:
Glaucoma
General
- Leading cause of irreversible blindness.
Classification:
- Open angle - more common.
- Closed angle.
Microscopic
Features (closed angle):
- Cornea and iris opposed to one another.
See also
Retinal detachment
General
- Blindness.
Causes:
- Trauma (classic).
- Tumours - common in pathology specimens.
Microscopic
Features:
- Retina separated from retinal pigment epithelium.
- Eosinophilic exudate containing macrophages.
References
- ↑ Bilbao. 24 November 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm. Accessed on: 20 October 2011.
- ↑ URL: http://www.ophthobook.com/questions/question-name-the-layers-of-the-cornea-and-their-function. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Raizada, IN.; Bhatnagar, NK. (Jul 1976). "Pinguecula and pterygium (a histopathological study).". Indian J Ophthalmol 24 (2): 16-8. PMID 1031388.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Hill, JC.; Maske, R. (1989). "Pathogenesis of pterygium.". Eye (Lond) 3 ( Pt 2): 218-26. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.31. PMID 2695353.
- ↑ URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pterygium. Accessed on: 20 October 2011
- ↑ URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002006/. Accessed on: 20 October 2011.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 URL: http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpt/eyepath/specco4.htm. Accessed on: 25 October 2011.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Adams, SP. (Feb 1999). "Dermacase. Eccrine hydrocystoma.". Can Fam Physician 45: 297, 306. PMC 2328272. PMID 10065300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2328272/.
- ↑ Lohmann D (2010). "Retinoblastoma". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 685: 220–7. PMID 20687510.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wippold FJ, Perry A (March 2006). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: rosettes and pseudorosettes". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (3): 488–92. PMID 16551982.
- ↑ WH. 14 March 2011.
- ↑ D'hermies, F.; Fayet, B.; Meyer, A.; Morel, X.; Halhal, M.; Elmaleh, C.; Azan, F.; Behar-Cohen, F. et al. (Feb 2004). "[Chalazion mimicking an eyelid tumor].". J Fr Ophtalmol 27 (2): 202-5. PMID 15029054.
- ↑ URL: http://www.surgical-pathology.com/chalazion.htm. Accessed on: 24 January 2012.
- ↑ URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/fofrm.html. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.