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Difference between revisions of "Cancer staging systems"
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'''Cancer staging systems''' are | [[Image:Diagram showing the T stages of bladder cancer CRUK 372.svg|thumb|right|180px|Schematic showing the T stages in bladder cancer. (WC/CRUK)]] | ||
'''Cancer staging systems''' are used to prognosticate cancer and determine treatment. They classify cancers based on the extent of tumour or the location of the tumour in relation to where it arose. | |||
=Overview= | =Overview= | ||
===Systems=== | ===Systems=== | ||
*[[TNM staging system]] - most common, and used for the most common (adult) cancers. | *[[TNM staging system]] - most common, and used for the most common (adult) cancers. | ||
*World Health Organization (WHO) grading system - for [[CNS tumours]]. | *[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) grading system - for [[CNS tumours]]. | ||
*Durie-Salmon system - [[multiple myeloma]]. | *St. Jude system - pediatric pathology. | ||
*Durie-Salmon system - for [[multiple myeloma]]. | |||
*Ann Arbour system - for [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (excluding [[mycosis fungoides]] and Sezary syndrome). | *Ann Arbour system - for [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (excluding [[mycosis fungoides]] and Sezary syndrome). | ||
* | *[[Sheldon system]] - for [[urachal carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid22901574>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bruins | first1 = HM. | last2 = Visser | first2 = O. | last3 = Ploeg | first3 = M. | last4 = Hulsbergen-van de Kaa | first4 = CA. | last5 = Kiemeney | first5 = LA. | last6 = Witjes | first6 = JA. | title = The clinical epidemiology of urachal carcinoma: results of a large, population based study. | journal = J Urol | volume = 188 | issue = 4 | pages = 1102-7 | month = Oct | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2012.06.020 | PMID = 22901574 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Masaoka|Modified Masaoka staging system]] - for [[thymoma]].<ref name=pmid17337514>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mori | first1 = T. | last2 = Nomori | first2 = H. | last3 = Ikeda | first3 = K. | last4 = Yoshioka | first4 = M. | last5 = Kobayashi | first5 = H. | last6 = Iwatani | first6 = K. | last7 = Yoshimoto | first7 = K. | last8 = Iyama | first8 = K. | title = Three cases of multiple thymoma with a review of the literature. | journal = Jpn J Clin Oncol | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 146-9 | month = Feb | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1093/jjco/hyl147 | PMID = 17337514 }}</ref><ref name=pmid8044305>{{Cite journal | last1 = Koga | first1 = K. | last2 = Matsuno | first2 = Y. | last3 = Noguchi | first3 = M. | last4 = Mukai | first4 = K. | last5 = Asamura | first5 = H. | last6 = Goya | first6 = T. | last7 = Shimosato | first7 = Y. | title = A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma. | journal = Pathol Int | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 359-67 | month = May | year = 1994 | doi = | PMID = 8044305 }}</ref> | |||
===Stage=== | ===Stage=== | ||
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==TNM staging system== | ==TNM staging system== | ||
*Name of the system comes from the elements: '''T'''umour, '''N'''odes (lymph nodes), '''M'''etastasis (distant). | *Name of the system comes from the elements: '''T'''umour, '''N'''odes ([[lymph nodes]]), '''M'''etastasis (distant). | ||
*Most common staging system. | *Most common staging system. | ||
*Staging parameters dependent on the specific site. | *Staging parameters dependent on the specific site. | ||
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***[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]].<ref>URL: [http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Hepatocellular_11protocol.pdf http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Hepatocellular_11protocol.pdf]. Accessed on: 6 April 2012.</ref> | ***[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]].<ref>URL: [http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Hepatocellular_11protocol.pdf http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Hepatocellular_11protocol.pdf]. Accessed on: 6 April 2012.</ref> | ||
*[[Margin status]] usually does not affect the tumour stage. | *[[Margin status]] usually does not affect the tumour stage. | ||
**[[Prostate adenocarcinoma]] - on a practical level bladder neck margin positivity usually up stages, see ''[[bladder neck invasion]]''. | |||
===Nodal stage=== | ===Nodal stage=== | ||
*[[Lymph node]] | {{Main|Lymph node metastasis}} | ||
*[[lymph node metastasis|Lymph node involvement]]. | |||
*Positive lymph nodes (without mets) often upstage to ''stage III''. | *Positive lymph nodes (without mets) often upstage to ''stage III''. | ||
**May upstage to ''stage II'' in some tumours. | **May upstage to ''stage II'' in some tumours. | ||
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=See also= | =See also= | ||
*[[Cancer]]. | *[[Cancer]]. | ||
*[[Diagnostic size cutoffs]]. | |||
=References= | =References= | ||
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[[Category:Basics]] | [[Category:Basics]] | ||
[[Category:Cancer staging]] | |||