Difference between revisions of "Thyroid gland"

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Thyroid gland (view source)

Revision as of 02:31, 22 November 2011

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→‎Parathyroid tissue: create
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*Metastasis.
*Metastasis.


=Parathyroid tissue=
=Parathyroid glands=
General:
{{Main|Parathyroid glands}}
*Identification of normal can be tricky.
*May make an appearance in the context of thyroid surgery.
 
Features:<ref>[http://www.medicalhistology.us/twiki/pub/Main/ChapterFourteenSlides/b56b_parathyroid_40x_he_labeled.jpg http://www.medicalhistology.us/twiki/pub/Main/ChapterFourteenSlides/b56b_parathyroid_40x_he_labeled.jpg]</ref>
*Low power:
**May vaguely resemble lymphoid tissue - may have hyperchromatic cytoplasm.
***Does ''not'' have follicular centres like a lymph node.
**May form gland-like structure and vaguely resemble the thyroid at low power.
**Cytoplasm may be clear<ref>[http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/Histo_course/parathyroid2.jpg http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/Histo_course/parathyroid2.jpg]</ref> - '''key feature'''.
**Surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule.
*High power:
**Mixed cell population:<ref>[http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/15002loa.htm http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/15002loa.htm]</ref>
***Chief cells - predominant cell type, small, cytoplasm has variable staining (hyperchromatic-clear-eosinophilic).
***Oxyphil cells (''acid staining'' cells<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=oxyphil%20cell http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=oxyphil%20cell]</ref>) - abundant cytoplasm.
***Adipocytes - increased with age, may be used to help differentiate from thyroid - '''key feature'''.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Name''' || '''Staining (cytoplasm)''' || '''Quantity of cells''' ||  '''Cytoplasm (quantity)''' || '''Function'''
|-
| (parathyroid) chief cells  || intense hyperchromatic to eosinophilic (see note) || abundant || moderate || manufacture PTH
|-
| oxyphil cells  || moderate/light hyperchromatic to eosinophilic || rare || abundant || ?
|}
Notes:
*Cytoplasmic staining varies considerably on H&E preparations - it may vary from hyperchromatic<ref>[http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.jpg http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.jpg]</ref> to clear to eosinophilic<ref>[http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/Histology/HistologyReference/hrendo.htm http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/Histology/HistologyReference/hrendo.htm]</ref>.
*Chief cells tend to stain more intensely than oxyphil cells.
 
Thyroid vs. parathyroid (see: [http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/Histology/HistologyReference/imagesco/parathyroid2F.jpg parathyroid image]):
*Parathyroid cytoplasm:
**Hyperchromatic.
 
Parathyroid vs. lymphoid tissue (see [http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.jpg parathyroid image]):
*Parathyroid:
**No germinal centres.
**Gland-like/follicular-like arrangement -- much smaller than normal follicles of
**Occasional cell with rim of clear cytoplasm (oxyphil?).
 
Images:
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/ENDOHTML/ENDO031.html Parathyroid - med.utah.edu].
*[http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html Histology - several images. - pathology.mc.duke.edu].
 
==Parathyroid hyperplasia==
*Parathyroid hyperplasia - classically assoc. with renal failure.
*Chief cell hyperplasia - associated with MEN I, MEN IIa.<ref>URL: [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970475-2 http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970475-2]. Accessed on: 29 July 2010.</ref>
 
==Parathryoid adenoma==
*One parathyroid is big... the others are small.
*Associated with [[MEN I]] and [[MEN]] IIa/b (II/III).
 
MEN I:
*Parathyroid adenoma.
*Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.
*[[Pituitary adenoma]].
 
MEN IIa/IIb (II/III):
*Parathyroid adenoma.
*Medullary thyroid carcinoma.
*[[Pheochromocytoma]].
 
Image: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO091.jpg Parathyroid adenoma (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/enfrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/enfrm.html]. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.</ref>


=Benign=
=Benign=
Michael
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