Difference between revisions of "Eosinophilic esophagitis"

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Eosinophilic esophagitis (view source)

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| Width      =
| Width      =
| Caption    = Eosinophilic esophagitis. [[H&E stain]].
| Caption    = Eosinophilic esophagitis. [[H&E stain]].
| Micro      = mucosa with "abundant eosinophils" (see ''microscopic''), [[basal cell hyperplasia]] (three cells thick ''or'' >15% of epithelial thickness), papillae elongated (reach into the top 1/3 of the epithelial layer)
| Micro      = mucosa with abundant eosinophils (60 per mm*mm), [[basal cell hyperplasia]] (three cells thick ''or'' >15% of epithelial thickness), papillae elongated (reach into the top 1/3 of the epithelial layer)  
| Subtypes  =
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = [[GERD]]
| LMDDx      = [[GERD]]
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| Assdx      = atopy, [[celiac disease]]
| Assdx      = atopy, [[celiac disease]]
| Syndromes  =
| Syndromes  =
| Clinicalhx = unresponsive to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
| Clinicalhx = may be unresponsive to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
| Signs      =
| Signs      =
| Symptoms  = like [[GERD]]
| Symptoms  = similar to [[GERD]]
| Prevalence = uncommon
| Prevalence = uncommon
| Bloodwork  =
| Bloodwork  =
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*Avoid exacerbating antigens.
*Avoid exacerbating antigens.
*Topical corticosteroids, e.g. fluticasone.
*Topical corticosteroids, e.g. fluticasone.
*Do not respond to proton pump inhibitors.
 
Note on treatment:
*The classic teaching was that EE does not respond to proton pump inhibitors; thinking on this has evolved.<ref name=pmid30009819/>


Biopsies:
Biopsies:
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==Gross/endoscopic==
==Gross/endoscopic==
*'''Trachealization'''; eosphagus looks like trachea.<ref name=pmid19636182>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Al-Hussaini | first1 = AA. | last2 = Semaan | first2 = T. | last3 = El Hag | first3 = IA. | title = Esophageal trachealization: a feature of eosinophilic esophagitis. | journal = Saudi J Gastroenterol | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 193-5 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.4103/1319-3767.54747 | PMID = 19636182 }}
*'''Trachealization'''; esophagus looks like trachea.<ref name=pmid19636182>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Al-Hussaini | first1 = AA. | last2 = Semaan | first2 = T. | last3 = El Hag | first3 = IA. | title = Esophageal trachealization: a feature of eosinophilic esophagitis. | journal = Saudi J Gastroenterol | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 193-5 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.4103/1319-3767.54747 | PMID = 19636182 }}
</ref>
</ref>
**[[AKA]] ''feline esophagus''.<ref>URL: [http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/reprint/164/4/900.pdf  http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/reprint/164/4/900.pdf]. Accessed on: 4 October 2010.</ref>  
**[[AKA]] ''feline esophagus''.<ref>URL: [http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/reprint/164/4/900.pdf  http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/reprint/164/4/900.pdf]. Accessed on: 4 October 2010.</ref>  
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==Microscopic==
==Microscopic==
Features:<ref name=Ref_GLP19>{{Ref GLP|19}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=Ref_GLP19>{{Ref GLP|19}}</ref>
*Mucosa with "abundant eosinophils".
*Mucosa with abundant eosinophils - the consensus on eosinophils per area is 60/mm*mm.<ref name=pmid30009819>{{cite journal |authors=Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Molina-Infante J, Furuta GT, Spergel JM, Zevit N, Spechler SJ, Attwood SE, Straumann A, Aceves SS, Alexander JA, Atkins D, Arva NC, Blanchard C, Bonis PA, Book WM, Capocelli KE, Chehade M, Cheng E, Collins MH, Davis CM, Dias JA, Di Lorenzo C, Dohil R, Dupont C, Falk GW, Ferreira CT, Fox A, Gonsalves NP, Gupta SK, Katzka DA, Kinoshita Y, Menard-Katcher C, Kodroff E, Metz DC, Miehlke S, Muir AB, Mukkada VA, Murch S, Nurko S, Ohtsuka Y, Orel R, Papadopoulou A, Peterson KA, Philpott H, Putnam PE, Richter JE, Rosen R, Rothenberg ME, Schoepfer A, Scott MM, Shah N, Sheikh J, Souza RF, Strobel MJ, Talley NJ, Vaezi MF, Vandenplas Y, Vieira MC, Walker MM, Wechsler JB, Wershil BK, Wen T, Yang GY, Hirano I, Bredenoord AJ |title=Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Proceedings of the AGREE Conference |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=155 |issue=4 |pages=1022–1033.e10 |date=October 2018 |pmid=30009819 |pmc=6174113 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.009 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Basal cell hyperplasia]].
*[[Basal cell hyperplasia]].
**Three cells thick ''or'' >15% of epithelial thickness.
**Three cells thick ''or'' >15% of epithelial thickness.
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**Papillae that reach into the top 1/3 of the epithelial layer - definition for GERD.<ref name=Ref_PBoD804>{{Ref PBoD|804}}</ref>
**Papillae that reach into the top 1/3 of the epithelial layer - definition for GERD.<ref name=Ref_PBoD804>{{Ref PBoD|804}}</ref>


Notes "abundant eosinophils":
Note:
*Criteria for number of eosinophils/area is '''''highly variable'''''; there is a 23X fold variation in published values and only 11% of studies actually define an area (most studies, only give the number of eosinophils per "HPF")!<ref name=pmid17617209>{{cite journal |author=Dellon ES, Aderoju A, Woosley JT, Sandler RS, Shaheen NJ |title=Variability in diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=102 |issue=10 |pages=2300–13 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17617209 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01396.x |url=}}</ref>
*Many microscopes have an eye piece diameter of 22 mm. Thus, the field area (for a "HPF") with the 40x objective is ~0.2376 mm*mm. This works out to approximately 15 eosinophils/HPF.
**Interrater variability is low, i.e. good, if the procedure is standardized.<ref name=pmid19830560>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dellon | first1 = ES. | last2 = Fritchie | first2 = KJ. | last3 = Rubinas | first3 = TC. | last4 = Woosley | first4 = JT. | last5 = Shaheen | first5 = NJ. | title = Inter- and intraobserver reliability and validation of a new method for determination of eosinophil counts in patients with esophageal eosinophilia. | journal = Dig Dis Sci | volume = 55 | issue = 7 | pages = 1940-9 | month = Jul | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s10620-009-1005-z | PMID = 19830560 }}</ref>
*The most commonly reported cut points are 15, 20 and 24 eosinophils/HPF, without defining HPF.<ref name=pmid17617209/>
**The ''Foundation Series'' book<ref name=Ref_GLP19>{{Ref GLP|19}}</ref> says: "> 20/HPF"; this is problematic as "HPF" is not defined (see [[HPFitis]]).
**There is a consensus paper<ref name=pmid17919504>{{cite journal |author=Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, ''et al.'' |title=Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=1342–63 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17919504 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.017 |url=}}</ref> that makes note of [[HPFitis]]... and then goes on to ignore to whole issue by defining EE as 15/HPF! 
**Many microscopes have 22 mm eye pieces and have for their highest magnification objective a 40X.  De facto, these people are using the Liacouras ''et al.'' definition.<ref name=pmid16361045>{{cite journal |author=Liacouras CA, Spergel JM, Ruchelli E, ''et al.'' |title=Eosinophilic esophagitis: a 10-year experience in 381 children |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=1198–206 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16361045 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Eosinophils may be patchy.<ref name=pmid22502795>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Saffari | first1 = H. | last2 = Peterson | first2 = KA. | last3 = Fang | first3 = JC. | last4 = Teman | first4 = C. | last5 = Gleich | first5 = GJ. | last6 = Pease | first6 = LF. | title = Patchy eosinophil distributions in an esophagectomy specimen from a patient with eosinophilic esophagitis: Implications for endoscopic biopsy. | journal = J Allergy Clin Immunol | volume = 130 | issue = 3 | pages = 798-800 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.009 | PMID = 22502795 }}</ref>


DDx:<ref name=Ref_Odze244>{{Ref Odze|244}}</ref>
DDx:<ref name=Ref_Odze244>{{Ref Odze|244}}</ref>
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COMMENT:
COMMENT:
There are approximately 65 eosinophils per 0.2376 mm*mm (1 HPF).  
There are approximately 65 eosinophils per 0.2376 mm*mm (1 HPF).  
Literature valves show a large variation when defining eosinophilic esophagitis
and frequently use "HPF" as a measure of area, which is not a standardized measure.
[Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102 (10): 2300–13.]
Common cut-points are 15 eosinophils/HPF and 20 eosinophils/HPF, where HPF is
often undefined.


The above findings are suggestive of eosinophilic esophagitis in the proper
The above findings are suggestive of eosinophilic esophagitis in the proper
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compatible with gastroesophageal reflux; however, eosinophilic esophagitis is also a
compatible with gastroesophageal reflux; however, eosinophilic esophagitis is also a
consideration. Clinical correlation is required.
consideration. Clinical correlation is required.
Literature valves show a large variation when defining eosinophilic esophagitis
and frequently use "HPF" as a measure of area, which is not a standardized measure.
[Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102 (10): 2300 13.]
Common cut-points are 15 eosinophils/HPF and 20 eosinophils/HPF, where HPF is
often undefined.
</pre>
</pre>


Michael
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