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==General== | ==General== | ||
TNM staging is very widely used. | TNM staging is very widely used. There is also the ''Dukes' system'', which in many respects is quite similar.<ref>URL: [http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/bowel-cancer/treatment/dukes-stages-of-bowel-cancer http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/bowel-cancer/treatment/dukes-stages-of-bowel-cancer]. Accessed on: 12 January 2016.</ref> | ||
==TNM staging system== | ==TNM staging system== | ||
===Tumour stage=== | |||
= | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! Stage | |||
! Criteria | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| Tis | |||
| in situ ([[Intramucosal colorectal carcinoma|intramucosal]]) ‡ | |||
| high-grade dysplasia, "intramucosal colorectal carcinoma", and "[[colorectal adenocarcinoma in situ]]" are used interchangeably by many in the colon and rectum; ''high-grade dysplasia'' is the preferred term - see ''"[[intramucosal colorectal carcinoma]]"'' | |||
|- | |||
| T1 | |||
| into submucosa (through mucularis mucosae), not into muscularis propria | |||
| '''different than elsewhere in GI tract'''; in the ''small bowel'' tumour cells in the ''lamina propria'' is defined as T1; rationale for the ''T1'' definition in CRC is that no lymphatics are present in the mucosa, ergo no risk of distant spread | |||
|- | |||
| T2 | |||
| into muscularis propria | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| T3 | |||
| into fat beyond musclaris propria | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| T4a | |||
| invasion of the visceral peritoneum | |||
| tumour within 1 mm is ''not'' T4a; however, it should prompt cutting [[deepers]] and taking more sections | |||
|- | |||
| T4b | |||
| grows into something else | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== | ===Nodal stage=== | ||
Nodal stage as per AJCC 7th edition:<ref name=Ref_AJCC7HB198>{{Ref AJCC7HB|198}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
! Stage | |||
! Criteria | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
|N0 | |||
| no positive nodes | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| N1a | |||
| 1 positive node | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| N1b | |||
| 2-3 positive nodes | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| N1c | |||
| [[tumour deposit|tumour deposit(s)]] present with all lymph nodes negative | |||
| lesion must be in the drainage bed of the tumour; lesions ''not'' in the drainage bed are M1b | |||
|- | |||
| N2a | |||
| 4-6 positive nodes | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| N2b | |||
| 7+ positive nodes | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
*Memory device for N2 = 4+ | *Memory device for N2 = 4+ positive LNs: the number ''four'' in chinese sounds like ''death''.<ref>URL: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_in_Chinese_culture#Four http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_in_Chinese_culture#Four]. Accessed on: 28 June 2011.</ref> | ||
*Tumour deposits are counted separately. | |||
**Tumour deposits are ''not'' considered lymph nodes. | |||
===Metastasis stage=== | |||
Metastasis stage as per AJCC 7th edition:<ref name=Ref_AJCC7HB198>{{Ref AJCC7HB|198}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
! Stage | |||
! Criteria | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| M1a | |||
| one organ only | |||
| [[lung metastasis|lung]], [[liver metastasis|liver]], ovary or nonregional [[lymph node]] | |||
|- | |||
| M1b | |||
| more than one organ or peritoneal involvement | |||
| [[tumour deposit]]s are in the drainage bed of the tumour - they are not classified as metastases | |||
|} | |||
==Overall stage== | ===Overall stage=== | ||
===Simple version=== | ====Simple version==== | ||
Tumour/node grade for stage:<ref>{{Ref TN2006| GS27}}</ref> | Tumour/node grade for stage:<ref>{{Ref TN2006| GS27}}</ref> | ||
*Stage I - '''T1 or T2''' N0 M0. | *Stage I - '''T1 or T2''' N0 M0. | ||
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*Stage IV - Tx Nx '''M1'''. | *Stage IV - Tx Nx '''M1'''. | ||
===Complex version=== | ====Complex version==== | ||
Detailed tumour/node grade for stage:<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_colon_and_rectum_cancer_staged.asp http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_colon_and_rectum_cancer_staged.asp]</ref> | Detailed tumour/node grade for stage:<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_colon_and_rectum_cancer_staged.asp http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_colon_and_rectum_cancer_staged.asp]</ref> | ||
*Stage I - T1 or T2. | *Stage I - T1 or T2. | ||
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*Stage IIIC - Tx N2. | *Stage IIIC - Tx N2. | ||
*Stage IV - Tx Nx M1. | *Stage IV - Tx Nx M1. | ||
Note: | |||
*[[Tumour perforation in colorectal cancer]] is poor prognosticator;<ref name=pmid17049848>{{Cite journal | last1 = Anwar | first1 = MA. | last2 = D'Souza | first2 = F. | last3 = Coulter | first3 = R. | last4 = Memon | first4 = B. | last5 = Khan | first5 = IM. | last6 = Memon | first6 = MA. | title = Outcome of acutely perforated colorectal cancers: experience of a single district general hospital. | journal = Surg Oncol | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 91-6 | month = Aug | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.suronc.2006.09.001 | PMID = 17049848 }}</ref> however, it does ''not'' affect the (overall) stage. It been suggested that perforated colorectal carcinoma be considered stage IV.<ref name=pmid19443386>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ogawa | first1 = M. | last2 = Watanabe | first2 = M. | last3 = Eto | first3 = K. | last4 = Omachi | first4 = T. | last5 = Kosuge | first5 = M. | last6 = Hanyu | first6 = K. | last7 = Noaki | first7 = L. | last8 = Fujita | first8 = T. | last9 = Yanaga | first9 = K. | title = Clinicopathological features of perforated colorectal cancer. | journal = Anticancer Res | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 1681-4 | month = May | year = 2009 | doi = | PMID = 19443386 }}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== |
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