Difference between revisions of "Neuropathology"

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→‎Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: split
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==Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis==
==Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis==
*Abbreviated ''ADEM''.
*Abbreviated ''ADEM''.
===General===
{{Main|Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis}}
*Thought to be autoimmune; often associated with/preceded by viral illness.<ref name=pmid17438235>{{cite journal |author=Tenembaum S, Chitnis T, Ness J, Hahn JS |title=Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis |journal=Neurology |volume=68 |issue=16 Suppl 2 |pages=S23–36 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17438235 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000259404.51352.7f |url=}}</ref>
*May mimic [[multiple sclerosis]].
 
Treatment:
*Steroids.
*Plasmapheresis.
 
Diagnosis:
*Need to r/o infection (with lumbar puncture).
*No old plaques on imaging (MRI).
 
An acute form exists known as ''acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis''<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case102/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case102/dx.html]. Accessed on: 2 January 2012.</ref> (AKA ''acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis'').
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>{{Ref PBoD8|1312}}</ref>
*Myelin loss with sparing of axons.
*Inflammation:
**Early: [[neutrophil]]s.
**Late: mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells).
*Lipid-laden macrophages.
 
DDx:
*[[Multiple sclerosis]].
**Tend to be larger, more lymphocytes,<ref>{{Ref APBR|423}}</ref> age of the lesions differ.
*Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (ANHE) - if one considers this a separate entity.
*Acute necrotizing encephalopathy.<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case619/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case619/dx.html]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref>


==Neuromyelitis optica==
==Neuromyelitis optica==
Michael
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