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→‎Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
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==Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy==
==Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy==
*Abbreviated ''HIE''.
*Abbreviated ''HIE''.
===General===
{{Main|Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy}}
*Often due to ''cardiac arrest'', i.e. global ischemia.
*Triple watershed area = parieto-occipital cortex, extrastriate occipital cortex.
 
Note:
*''Hypoxia'' = blood decreased oxygen carrying capacity,<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_10>{{Ref PCPBoD8|10}}</ref> e.g. [[anemia]].
*''Ischemia'' = decreased blood flow.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_10>{{Ref PCPBoD8|10}}</ref>
*Either ''or'' both = less oxygen delivery to tissue.
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Hippocampal ischemic changes (in adults):
**Loss of neurons in CA1, CA3 and CA4 +/- "cavitation".
***Neuronal loss: No blue (nuclei) where there should be some.
***Cavitation: bubbles/clear spaces where there should be none.
**CA2 neurons preserved/resistant.
*Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum and [[Bergmann gliosis]].
*"Anoxic neurons".<ref>URL: [http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html]. Accessed on: 12 July 2010.</ref>
**Shrunken neurons with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknotic (shrunken) nuclei.
*Pseudolaminar necrosis - (uncontrolled) cell death in the cerebral cortex in a band-like pattern,<ref>Hypoxic and Ischemic Encephalopathy. neuropathology.neoucom.edu. Accessed on: 29 December 2010.</ref> with a relative preservation of cells immediately adjacent to the meninges.
 
Notes:
*Neurons of ''subiculum'' in adults - usu. normal (as they are resistant to ischemic changes).
====Images====
*Anoxic neurons:
**[http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/images2/2-1HIE.jpg Anoxic neurons (neuropathologyweb.org)].
**[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/APAQ-Images/N1-MS-01-16.gif Anoxic neurons (ouhsc.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-16-Ans.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-16-Ans.htm] and [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Alzheimer_type_II_astrocyte_high_mag_cropped.jpg | Anoxic neurons. (WC)
</gallery>
*Hippocampal ischemic changes:
**[http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/images2/2-hippoHIE.jpg Hippocampus in HIE (neuropathologyweb.org)].<ref>URL: [http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter2/chapter2aHIE.html]. Accessed on: 14 January 2011.</ref>
*Pseudolaminar necrosis:
<gallery>
Image:Cortical_pseudolaminar_necrosis_-_lfb_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Pseudolaminar necrosis - very low mag. (WC)
Image:Cortical_pseudolaminar_necrosis_-_lfb_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Pseudolaminar necrosis - intermed. mag. (WC)
</gallery>


==Multiple sclerosis==
==Multiple sclerosis==
Michael
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