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'''Fungi''' are [[microorganisms]] that are occasionally seen by pathologists.
[[Image:Pulmonary aspergillosis.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Fungi (aspergillus). [[H&E stain]].]]
'''Fungi''' (singular '''fungus''') are [[microorganisms]] that are occasionally seen by pathologists.


=Overview=
=Overview=
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*[[Mucor]].
*[[Mucor]].
*[[Aspergillus]].
*[[Aspergillus]].
===Sign out===
*The gold standard for determining the microorganisms is culture.
*As anatomical pathologists are approximately 80% accurate (when measured against culture), it is important to state something like ''correlation with culture is recommended''.<ref name=pmid19228642>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sangoi | first1 = AR. | last2 = Rogers | first2 = WM. | last3 = Longacre | first3 = TA. | last4 = Montoya | first4 = JG. | last5 = Baron | first5 = EJ. | last6 = Banaei | first6 = N. | title = Challenges and pitfalls of morphologic identification of fungal infections in histologic and cytologic specimens: a ten-year retrospective review at a single institution. | journal = Am J Clin Pathol | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 364-75 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1309/AJCP99OOOZSNISCZ | PMID = 19228642 }}</ref>


==Summary table==
==Summary table==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Name (disease)
! Name (disease)
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| ? Immunosuppression
| ? Immunosuppression
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg Aspergillus (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis_cytology.jpg Aspergillus cytology (WC)]
| [[Image:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Aspergillus. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis)
| Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis)
Line 47: Line 52:
| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg Zygomycosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Zygomycosis.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Zygomycosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis)
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis)
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| Immunodeficient
| Immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg C. immitis (WC)] [http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=374&n=3 (webpathology.com)]
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [[Image:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg |thumb|center|150px|C. immitis (WC)]]  
|-
|-
| Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]])
| Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]])
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| Source: soil with bird droppings
| Source: soil with bird droppings
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg Histoplasmosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Histoplasmosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]])
| Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]])
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| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/blast1.jpg Blastomyces]
| [[Image:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG | thumb|center|150px|Blastomyces. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]])
| Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]])
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| Clinical???
| Clinical???
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg P. brasiliensis (WC)].
| [[Image:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg |thumb|center|150px|P. brasiliensis (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP)
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP)
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| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg PCP (WC)]
| [[Image:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg|thumb|center|150px| PCP. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]])
| Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]])
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| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - methenamine silver (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)].
| [[Image:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)]]
|}
|}
Notes:
Notes:
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*Specific organism: ''Histoplasma capulatum''.
*Specific organism: ''Histoplasma capulatum''.
*Typical location: [[lung]].
*Typical location: [[lung]].
*Common in immunosuppressed individuals, e.g. [[HIV]]/AIDS population.
**Extrapulmonary ''or'' disseminated histoplasmosis is considered to be ''AIDS-defining''.<ref name=pmid19052530>{{cite journal |author=Schneider E, Whitmore S, Glynn KM, Dominguez K, Mitsch A, McKenna MT |title=Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years--United States, 2008 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=57 |issue=RR-10 |pages=1–12 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19052530 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5710a1.htm}}</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
* Often in yeast form in tissue 2-5 micrometres.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>  
* Often in yeast form - in tissue, spherical, 2-5 micrometres.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>  
* Intracellular<ref name=pmid19547878>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gorocica | first1 = P. | last2 = Taylor | first2 = ML. | last3 = Alvarado-Vásquez | first3 = N. | last4 = Pérez-Torres | first4 = A. | last5 = Lascurain | first5 = R. | last6 = Zenteno | first6 = E. | title = The interaction between Histoplasma capsulatum cell wall carbohydrates and host components: relevance in the immunomodulatory role of histoplasmosis. | journal = Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz | volume = 104 | issue = 3 | pages = 492-6 | month = May | year = 2009 | doi =  | PMID = 19547878 }}</ref> - may be within macrophages that form a [[granuloma]].
** Nice bright red on PAS-D.
** Nice bright red on PAS-D.
*** Have a "central dot".<ref name=pathquiz_1>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm]. Accessed on: 19 October 2010</ref>  
*** Have a "central dot".<ref name=pathquiz_1>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm]. Accessed on: 19 October 2010</ref>  


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg Histoplasmosis - PASD (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Histoplasma in granuloma pas-d.jpg | Histoplasmosis - granuloma - [[PASD stain]]. (WC)
Image:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg | Histoplasmosis - [[PASD stain]]. (WC)
Image:Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg | Histoplasmosis - cropped - PASD stain. (WC)
Image:Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg | Histoplasmosis - [[GMS stain]]. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/PQ-Images/A6I001-3.gif The "central dot" of Histoplasma (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=pathquiz_1/>
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/PQ-Images/A6I001-3.gif The "central dot" of Histoplasma (ouhsc.edu)].<ref name=pathquiz_1/>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg Histoplasma - GMS (WC)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case693.html Histoplasmosis - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case693.html Histoplasmosis - several images (upmc.edu)].


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**Usu. from soil.
**Usu. from soil.
*Typical locations: lung, oral cavity.<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>  
*Typical locations: lung, oral cavity.<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>  
*+/-Immunodeficiency.<ref name=pmid23824371>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nguyen | first1 = C. | last2 = Barker | first2 = BM. | last3 = Hoover | first3 = S. | last4 = Nix | first4 = DE. | last5 = Ampel | first5 = NM. | last6 = Frelinger | first6 = JA. | last7 = Orbach | first7 = MJ. | last8 = Galgiani | first8 = JN. | title = Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis. | journal = Clin Microbiol Rev | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 505-25 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.00005-13 | PMID = 23824371 }}</ref>
*Predominantly southwest USA and Mexico.<ref name=pmid23068145>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Welsh | first1 = O. | last2 = Vera-Cabrera | first2 = L. | last3 = Rendon | first3 = A. | last4 = Gonzalez | first4 = G. | last5 = Bonifaz | first5 = A. | title = Coccidioidomycosis. | journal = Clin Dermatol | volume = 30 | issue = 6 | pages = 573-91 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.003 | PMID = 23068145 }}</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
* Forms spherules 60-80 micrometres in size.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>  
*Forms spherules 60-80 μm in size.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>  
**Contain endospores 1-5 μm in diameter.


Images:
Notes:
*www:
*Spherules may be described as a "bag of marbles".
**[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg2/AIDS092.jpg Coccidioides (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/pufrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/pufrm.html]. Accessed on: 4 December 2011.</ref>
 
**[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case516.html Coccidioidomycosis (upmc.edu)].
====Images====
*WC:
<gallery>
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coccidioidomycosis_-_very_high_mag.jpg Coccidioidomycosis - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Coccidioidomycosis - intermed mag.jpg |  Coccidioidomycosis - intermed. mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coccidioidomycosis_-_2_-_gms_-_very_high_mag.jpg Coccidioidomycosis - GMS - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Coccidioidomycosis - high mag.jpg | Coccidioidomycosis - high mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mature_spherule_with_endospores_of_Coccidioides_immitis_PHIL_480_lores.jpg Coccidioides (WC)].
Image:Coccidioidomycosis_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Coccidioidomycosis - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Coccidioidomycosis_-_2_-_gms_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Coccidioidomycosis - GMS - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Mature_spherule_with_endospores_of_Coccidioides_immitis_PHIL_480_lores.jpg | Coccidioides. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg2/AIDS092.jpg Coccidioides (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/pufrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/pufrm.html]. Accessed on: 4 December 2011.</ref>
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case516.html Coccidioidomycosis (upmc.edu)].


==Pneumocystis pneumonia==
==Pneumocystis pneumonia==
{{Main|Pneumonia}}
*Abbreviated ''PCP''.
*Abbreviated ''PCP''.
*[[AKA]] ''Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia''.
*[[AKA]] ''Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia''.
===General===
===General===
*Organism: ''pneumocystis'',  
*Organism: ''pneumocystis'',  
*Specific organism: ''Pneumocystis jirovecii'' (used to be called ''Pneumocystis carinii'').  
*Specific organism: ''Pneumocystis jirovecii''<ref name=pmid16441572>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Redhead | first1 = SA. | last2 = Cushion | first2 = MT. | last3 = Frenkel | first3 = JK. | last4 = Stringer | first4 = JR. | title = Pneumocystis and Trypanosoma cruzi: nomenclature and typifications. | journal = J Eukaryot Microbiol | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 2-11 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00072.x | PMID = 16441572 }}</ref> (used to be called ''Pneumocystis carinii'').
**May be spelled ''Pneumocystis jiroveci''.
**Fungus... used to be considered a parasite.
**Fungus... used to be considered a parasite.
*Typical location: lung.
*Typical location: [[lung]].


Clinical:  
Clinical:  
Line 166: Line 190:
===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
*"Dented ping-pong ball" appearance;<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref> - remember '''P'''C'''P''' = '''p'''ing-'''p'''ong.
*Form frothy aggregates that take the shape of the alveoli they sit within, i.e. they form "alveolar casts".
*Approximately 7-8 micrometres in size - [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg PCP (WP)].  [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=Pneumocystis+carinii&go=Go Several images are here (WC)].
*"Dented ping-pong ball" appearance.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref> **Remember '''P'''C'''P''' = '''p'''ing-'''p'''ong.
**Approximately 7-8 μm in size.
 
DDx:
*[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg | The frothy casts of PCP. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=Pneumocystis+carinii&go=Go Several images of PCP (WC)].


===Stains===
===Stains===
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*Typical location: lung.
*Typical location: lung.
**Most common fungus seen in CSF specimens.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
**Most common fungus seen in CSF specimens.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
Trivia:
*Crypto- = hidden/invisible.<ref>URL: [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crypto- http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crypto-]. Accessed on: 12 April 2012.</ref>
**Why the name? A. The capsule is almost invisible.
===Gross===
Features (brain):
*Small cystic spaces, often diffuse.
**Known as "soap bubble brain".
Image:
*[http://pathwiki.pbworks.com/w/page/14674145/Mod05Slide38 Soap bubble brain (pathwiki.pbworks.com)].


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
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**Thick mucopolysacchardie capsule + refractile centre.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
**Thick mucopolysacchardie capsule + refractile centre.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
**"Tear drop-shapped" budding pattern (useful to differentiate from Blastomyces, Histoplasma).<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
**"Tear drop-shapped" budding pattern (useful to differentiate from Blastomyces, Histoplasma).<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
*Usually accompanied by very little inflammation.<ref>{{Ref APBR|423 Q29}}</ref>


Notes:
Notes:
*May be confused with corpora amylacea in the CNS, esp. as they (like cryptococci) stain for methenamine silver, Alcian blue, and PAS.<ref>URL: [http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/ http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/]. Accessed on: 15 December 2010.</ref>
*May be confused with corpora amylacea in the CNS, esp. as they (like cryptococci) stain for methenamine silver, Alcian blue, and PAS.<ref>URL: [http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/ http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/]. Accessed on: 15 December 2010.</ref>


Images:
====Images====
*[[WC]]:
<gallery>
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg Micrograph of crytococcosis - mucicarmine stain (WC)].
Image:Cryptococcus.jpg | Cryptococcosis - cytology - [[Field stain]]. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg Micrograph of crytococcosis - methenamine silver stain (WC)].
Image:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg | Crytococcosis - mucicarmine stain. (WC)
*www:
Image:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg | Crytococcosis - methenamine silver stain. (WC)
**[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case89/micro.html Cryptococcosis (upmc.edu)].
</gallery>
**[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case396.html Cryptococcosis - case 2 (upmc.edu)].
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case89/micro.html Cryptococcosis (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case396.html Cryptococcosis - case 2 (upmc.edu)].


==Cryptosporidiosis==
==Cryptosporidiosis==
Line 209: Line 259:
**Bluish staining of brush border '''key feature''' - low power.
**Bluish staining of brush border '''key feature''' - low power.


Images:
====Images====
*[[WC]]:
<gallery>
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptosporidiosis_-_very_high_mag.jpg Cryptosporidiosis - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Cryptosporidiosis_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Cryptosporidiosis - very high mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptosporidiosis_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg Cryptosporidosis - very high mag. - cropped (WC)].
Image:Cryptosporidiosis_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg | Cryptosporidosis - very high mag. - cropped (WC)
*www:
</gallery>
**[http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/images/cp_path.gif Schematic picture of cryptosporidium & bowel (tulane.edu)].
www:
**[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/cryptosporidiosis.html Micrograph of cryptosporidiosis (brown.edu)].
*[http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/images/cp_path.gif Schematic picture of cryptosporidium & bowel (tulane.edu)].
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/cryptosporidiosis.html Micrograph of cryptosporidiosis (brown.edu)].


Notes:
Notes:
Line 221: Line 272:


==Candidiasis==
==Candidiasis==
:''In the context of pap tests see: [[Gynecologic_cytopathology#Candida]]''.
===General===
===General===
*Commonly ''Candida albicans''.
*Commonly ''Candida albicans''.
*Yeast forms.
*Yeast forms.
*Locations: oral cavity, vagina.
*Locations: oral cavity, vagina.
===Gross===
Esophageal candidiasis:
*"Sticky": do not wash-off from the mucosa with water irrigation.<ref>URL: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537268/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537268/]. Accessed on: 2022 June 22.</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
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*''Dimorphic'' - seen in two forms:
*''Dimorphic'' - seen in two forms:
**Pseudohyphae<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>  - collections of many ''C. albicans'' cells in a branching pattern.
**Pseudohyphae<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>  - collections of many ''C. albicans'' cells in a branching pattern.
**Yeast form - single cells, 10 to 12 micrometres in diameter, gram positive.<ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-3.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-3.htm]</ref>
**Yeast form - single cells, 10 to 12 micrometres in diameter.{{fact}}


*Images:
Notes:
**[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/candi4.jpg Candida (pseudohyphae) - methenamine silver (med.sc.edu)].
*May be described as "sticks and stones".
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Candida_pap_1.jpg Candida on Pap test (WC)].
 
====Images====
www:
*[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/candi4.jpg Candida (pseudohyphae) - methenamine silver (med.sc.edu)].
<gallery>
Image:Candida_pap_1.jpg | Candida on Pap test. (WC)
File:Candidiasis (5494228352).jpg | Candidiasis. (WC/Yale Rosen)
File:Candidiasis - PAS (5493634827).jpg | Candidiasis: PAS stain. (WC/Yale Rosen)
File:Candidiasis - GMS (5493634393).jpg | Candidiasis: Pseudohyphae + Budding yeast. (WC/Yale Rosen)
</gallery>


===Stains===
===Stains===
Line 240: Line 305:
*PAS +ve.
*PAS +ve.
*Methenamine silver +ve.
*Methenamine silver +ve.
*[[Gram stain|Gram]] +ve.<ref name=pmid20711156>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Salerno | first1 = C. | last2 = Pascale | first2 = M. | last3 = Contaldo | first3 = M. | last4 = Esposito | first4 = V. | last5 = Busciolano | first5 = M. | last6 = Milillo | first6 = L. | last7 = Guida | first7 = A. | last8 = Petruzzi | first8 = M. | last9 = Serpico | first9 = R. | title = Candida-associated denture stomatitis. | journal = Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = e139-43 | month = Mar | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID = 20711156 }}</ref>


==Blastomycosis==
==Blastomycosis==
Line 251: Line 317:
**The interface between two separating fungi, i.e. fungi in the process of reproducing, is very large.
**The interface between two separating fungi, i.e. fungi in the process of reproducing, is very large.


Images:
DDx:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG Blastomycosis (wikimedia.org)].
*[[Cryptosporidiosis]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG | Blastomycosis. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/blastomycosis.jpg Blastomycosis - budding (pathguy.com)].
*[http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/blastomycosis.jpg Blastomycosis - budding (pathguy.com)].
*[http://www.lahey.org/Medical/InfectiousDiseases/ID_Blastomycosis.asp Blastomycosis - with broad budding (lahey.org)].
*[http://www.lahey.org/Medical/InfectiousDiseases/ID_Blastomycosis.asp Blastomycosis - with broad budding (lahey.org)].
 
*[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/blast1.jpg Blastomyces (med.sc.edu)].
==Mucormycosis==
==Mucormycosis==
===General===
===General===
Line 266: Line 338:
Features:<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
*Branching hyphae with variable width.
*Branching hyphae with variable width.
*Granulomata associated.
*[[Granulomata]] associated.
 
Notes:
*Not septated.
*Branching angle typically ~90 degrees.
 
DDx:
*[[Aspergillosis]].


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg Zygomycosis - cytology (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Zygomycosis.jpg | Zygomycosis - [[cytology]]. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)].
*[http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case181.html Mucormycosis - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case181.html Mucormycosis - several images (upmc.edu)].


==Aspergillosis==
==Aspergillosis==
{{Main|Aspergillosis}}
==Microsporidiosis==
===General===
===General===
*Due to ''Aspergillus''.  
*A group of (extremely) small intracellular microorganisms - classified as [[fungi]].<ref name=pmid15777637/>
*Fungus.
**Human pathogenic organisms in this group include: ''Enterocytozoon bieneusi'', ''Encephalitozoon hellem'', and ''Encephalitozoon intestinalis''.<ref name=pmid21844802/>
*Associated with immunosuppression/immunodeficiency. (???)
*Important in the context of [[HIV]]/AIDS,<ref name=pmid12775504>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Orenstein | first1 = JM. | title = Diagnostic pathology of microsporidiosis. | journal = Ultrastruct Pathol | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 141-9 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 12775504 }}</ref> and solid organ transplant recipients.  
*May be seen in immune competent individuals.<ref name=pmid21844802>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Didier | first1 = ES. | last2 = Weiss | first2 = LM. | title = Microsporidiosis: not just in AIDS patients. | journal = Curr Opin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pages = 490-5 | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834aa152 | PMID = 21844802 }}</ref>
 
Clinical:<ref name=pmid21844802/>
*Diarrhea.
*Weight loss.
*Abdominal pain.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
*Hyphae that branching with 45 degrees angle - '''key feature'''.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
*Partial villus atrophy (villous blunting) and crypt hyperplasia.<ref name=pmid21844802/>
*Fruiting heads when aerobic.
*Small intracellular microorganisms ~ 1.0-4.0 μm.


DDx:
Images:
*Scedosporium prolificans.<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case290.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case290.html]. Accessed on: 14 January 2012.</ref>
*[http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/result.html?_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXACTION_=query&_IXFIRST_=5&_IXemailreal=true&_IXbox=50007&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Ft&_IXFPFX_=templates%2Ft Microsporidiosis (wellcome.ac.uk)].
*[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/2/11-1319-f1.htm Microsporidiosis (cdc.gov)].<ref>URL: [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/2/11-1319_article.htm http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/2/11-1319_article.htm]. Accessed on: 2 June 2012.</ref>


Images:
===EM===
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg Aspergillus (WC)].
*Small intracellular microorganisms ~ 1.0-4.0 μm.<ref name=pmid15777637>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Didier | first1 = ES. | title = Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals. | journal = Acta Trop | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 61-76 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.01.010 | PMID = 15777637 }}</ref>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis_cytology.jpg Aspergillus - cytology (WC)].
*[http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-otorhinolaryngology/volume-6-number-1/maxillary-sinus-mycetoma-due-to-aspergillus-niger.article-g03.fs.jpg Aspergillosis - fruiting head (ispub.com)].<ref>URL: [http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-otorhinolaryngology/volume-6-number-1/maxillary-sinus-mycetoma-due-to-aspergillus-niger.html http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-otorhinolaryngology/volume-6-number-1/maxillary-sinus-mycetoma-due-to-aspergillus-niger.html]. Accessed on: 27 February 2012.</ref>


===Stains===
Image:
*PAS-D +ve.
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg Microsporidium (WC)].{{fact}}


=See also=
=See also=
Michael
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