Difference between revisions of "Vascular disease"

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Vascular disease (view source)

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The article covers '''vascular disease''', i.e. diseases of blood vessels.  Vasculitides are covered in a separate article called ''[[vasculitides]]''.
The article covers '''vascular disease''', i.e. diseases of [[blood vessel]]s. These keep vascular surgeons and cardiac surgeon busy.   
 
Vasculitides are covered in a separate article called ''[[vasculitides]]''.


==Normal blood vessels==
==Normal blood vessels==
Comparing arteries and veins:<ref>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm]. Accessed on: 13 January 2011.</ref>
Comparing arteries and veins:<ref>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm]. Accessed on: 13 January 2011.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
<center>
| '''Feature'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
| '''Artery'''
! Feature
| '''Vein'''
! Artery
! Vein
|-
|-
| Internal elastic lamina
| Internal elastic lamina (IEL)
| prominent/thick, usu. complete
| prominent/thick, usu. complete
| thin & incomplete
| thin & incomplete
|-
|-
| External elastic lamina
| External elastic lamina (EEL)
| present, thick
| present, thick
| absent
| absent
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| thin
| thin
|}
|}
</center>
[[Image:2102 Comparison of Artery and Vein.jpg|thumb|400px|center|Artery and vein. (WC)]]


==Great vessels==
==Great vessels==
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==Atherosclerosis==
==Atherosclerosis==
===General===
===General===
*[[Coronary artery atherosclerosis]] -> [[myocardial infarction]] +/-coronary thrombosis.
*A leading cause of death, esp. in the Western world.
*Peripheral artery atherosclerosis -> peripheral vascular disease -> amputations.
*May have multi-system manifestations.
*Carotid artery atherosclerosis -> thrombotic stroke.
 
Location and associated pathology:
*[[Coronary artery atherosclerosis]] ([[AKA]] ''[[coronary artery disease]]'') -> [[myocardial infarction]] +/-coronary thrombosis.
*[[Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease]] -> [[leg amputation]]s.
*Carotid artery atherosclerosis -> thrombotic [[stroke]].
*Superior mesenteric artery atherosclerosis -> [[ischemic enteritis]] or [[ischemic colitis]] or ischemic enterocolitis.
*Penile artery atherosclerosis -> impotence.


Clinical risk factors:
Clinical risk factors:
*Age.
*Age.
*Blood pressure - modifiable (antihypertensives).
*[[Hypertension|Blood pressure (high)]] - modifiable (antihypertensives).
*Cholesterol - modifiable (statins, diet).
*Cholesterol - modifiable (statins, diet).
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] - modifiable (hypoglycemic medications, diet, lifestyle).
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] - modifiable (hypoglycemic medications, diet, lifestyle).
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*Luminal narrowing.
*Luminal narrowing.


Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpg RCA with atherosclerosis (WC)].


Notes:
Notes:
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**Thrombosis.
**Thrombosis.
**Haemorrhage.
**Haemorrhage.
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpg |Right coronary artery with atherosclerosis. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
===Stains===
*[[Elastic trichrome stain]] or [[Movat stain]] - highlights duplication of internal elastic lamina, allows on to identify with ease intimal thickening.


==Aortic dissection==
==Aortic dissection==
===General===
*Abbreviated ''AoD''.
====Associations====
{{Main|Aortic dissection}}
Heritable:<ref name=pmid16253833>{{cite journal |author=Gleason TG |title=Heritable disorders predisposing to aortic dissection |journal=Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=274-81 |year=2005 |pmid=16253833 |doi=10.1053/j.semtcvs.2005.06.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Marfan's syndrome]].
*Loeys-Dietz syndrome.<ref name=pmid16928994>{{cite journal |author=Loeys BL, Schwarze U, Holm T, ''et al'' |title=Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=8 |pages=788-98 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16928994 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055695 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/8/788}}</ref>
**Marfan-like syndrome.
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]].
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]].
 
Others:
*Tertiary [[syphilis]].
 
====Classification====
Two classification exist:
*''DeBakey''.
*''Stanford''.
 
Stanford dissection classification:<ref name=pmid9362838>{{cite journal |author=Finkelmeier BA |title=Dissection of the aorta: a clinical update |journal=J Vasc Nurs |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=88-93 |year=1997 |month=September |pmid=9362838 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Type A - aortic root to the left subclavian artery.
**Considered a surgical emergency.
*Type B - distal to (left) subclavian artery.
**Generally, treated conservatively.
 
===Microscopic===
:See: ''[[cystic medial degeneration]]''.


==Cystic medial degeneration==
==Cystic medial degeneration==
===General===
*[[AKA]] ''cystic medial necrosis''.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''cystic medial necrosis''.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref>
**Often ''not'' cystic and ''not'' necrotic.
{{Main|Cystic medial degeneration}}
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref><ref name=pmid17620463>{{cite journal |author=Ha HI, Seo JB, Lee SH, ''et al.'' |title=Imaging of Marfan syndrome: multisystemic manifestations |journal=Radiographics |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=989–1004 |year=2007 |pmid=17620463 |doi=10.1148/rg.274065171 |url=http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/4/989.full}}</ref>
*Basophilic ground substance in the media (seen on Movat's [[stain]]).
*Disruption of the elastic lamina (seen on elastic trichrome stain).
*+/-Focal necrosis.
 
Images:
*www:
**[http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/4/989.full Marfan's syndrome (radiographics.rsna.org)].
*[[WC]]:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_low_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - low mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_high_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - high mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_low_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - movat - low mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_intermed_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - movat - intermed. mag. (WC)].


==Medial calcific sclerosis==
==Medial calcific sclerosis==
*[[AKA]] ''Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis'', ''calcific medial sclerosis of Monckeberg'', and ''Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis''.
[[AKA]] ''Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis'', ''calcific medial sclerosis of Monckeberg'', and ''Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis''.
===General===
{{Main|Medial calcific sclerosis}}
*Usually of no clinical consequence.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Klatt7>{{Ref Klatt|7}}</ref>
*Medial calcification (purple irregular stuff -- calcium phosphate).
 
Note:
*Lumen unaffected.
 
Images:
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/COW/COW086.html Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis (med.utah.edu)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcificatio_atherosclerotica.jpg MCS (WC)].


==Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis==
==Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis==
===General===
===General===
*Hyperplasia = proliferation of cells.
*Associated with:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html]. Accessed on: 11 May 2011.</ref>
*Associated with:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html]. Accessed on: 11 May 2011.</ref>
**''Malignant [[hypertension]]''.
**''Malignant [[hypertension]]''.
**''[[Scleroderma]]''.
**''[[Scleroderma]]''.
*May be a consequence of [[thrombotic microangiopathy]].{{fact}}
Note:
*Hyperplasia = proliferation of cells.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
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Images:
Images:
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/cardio/fibromuscular-dysplasia.html FMD (brown.edu)].
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/cardio/fibromuscular-dysplasia.html FMD (brown.edu)].
*[http://jkms.kams.or.kr/fulltext/image/jkms21995f3.jpg FMD of AV nodal artery (kams.or.kr)].<ref name=pmid17179675/>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721953/figure/F3/ FMD of AV nodal artery (kams.or.kr)].<ref name=pmid17179675/>
 
===Stains===
===Stains===
*[[Elastic trichrome]] or [[Movat stain]] - to demonstrate elastic fibre fragmentation.
*[[Elastic trichrome]] or [[Movat stain]] - to demonstrate elastic fibre fragmentation.


==Thromboangiitis obliterans==
==Thromboangiitis obliterans==
*[[AKA]] ''Buerger disease''.
{{Main|Thromboangiitis obliterans}}
**Should '''not''' be confused with ''Berger disease'' ([[IgA nephropathy]]).


==Thrombosis==
:See also: ''[[Cerebral venous thrombosis]]''.
===General===
===General===
*Strong association with smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Highlander | first1 = P. | last2 = Southerland | first2 = CC. | last3 = VonHerbulis | first3 = E. | last4 = Gonzalez | first4 = A. | title = Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans): a clinical diagnosis. | journal = Adv Skin Wound Care | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 15-7 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/01.ASW.0000392923.37852.43 | PMID = 21173586 }}</ref>
Definition:  
*Small and medium-sized vessels of the extremities.
*Blood clot formation within a vessel.


Diagnosis - clinical:
Complications:
*Corkscrew vessels on angiography.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fujii | first1 = Y. | last2 = Soga | first2 = J. | last3 = Nakamura | first3 = S. | last4 = Hidaka | first4 = T. | last5 = Hata | first5 = T. | last6 = Idei | first6 = N. | last7 = Fujimura | first7 = N. | last8 = Nishioka | first8 = K. | last9 = Chayama | first9 = K. | title = Classification of corkscrew collaterals in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): relationship between corkscrew type and prevalence of ischemic ulcers. | journal = Circ J | volume = 74 | issue = 8 | pages = 1684-8 | month = Aug | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20534945 }}</ref>
*Embolism - see: ''[[Pulmonary embolism|Pulmonary thromboembolism]]''.
 
Risk factors:
*The classic pimping question is what "Virchow's triad?"
**Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury.
*A long list is found in: ''[[Pulmonary_embolism#Risks_factors_.28VTE.29|risk factors for VTE]]''.
 
===Gross===
:See: ''[[Pulmonary_embolism#Gross_.28VTE.29|Pulmonary embolism - gross features]]''.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid16892557>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kurata | first1 = A. | last2 = Schulz | first2 = A. | last3 = Franke | first3 = FE. | title = Reappraisal of thromboangiitis obliterans--a pathological contribution. | journal = Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol | volume = 88 | issue = | pages = 231-6 | month = | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 16892557 }}</ref>
Features:
*Acute inflammation:
*Lines of Zahn.
** Endarteritis - inner layers of blood vessels.
*Fibrin - pink acellular stuff on a [[H&E stain]].
** Periarteritis.
 
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_high_mag.jpg | Intravascular fibrin - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Cholesterol embolism==
*Abbreviated ''CE''.
{{Main|Cholesterol embolism}}
 
==Coarctation of the aorta==
*[[AKA]] ''aortic coarctation''.
===General===
*Uncommon.
 
Classification:
*Preductal.
*Postductal.
 
Associations:
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]].<ref name=pmid16129122>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Braverman | first1 = AC. | last2 = Güven | first2 = H. | last3 = Beardslee | first3 = MA. | last4 = Makan | first4 = M. | last5 = Kates | first5 = AM. | last6 = Moon | first6 = MR. | title = The bicuspid aortic valve. | journal = Curr Probl Cardiol | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 470-522 | month = Sep | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2005.06.002 | PMID = 16129122 }}</ref>
*[[Turner syndrome]].<ref name=pmid20222980>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hjerrild | first1 = BE. | last2 = Mortensen | first2 = KH. | last3 = Sørensen | first3 = KE. | last4 = Pedersen | first4 = EM. | last5 = Andersen | first5 = NH. | last6 = Lundorf | first6 = E. | last7 = Hansen | first7 = KW. | last8 = Hørlyck | first8 = A. | last9 = Hager | first9 = A. | title = Thoracic aortopathy in Turner syndrome and the influence of bicuspid aortic valves and blood pressure: a CMR study. | journal = J Cardiovasc Magn Reson | volume = 12 | issue =  | pages = 12 | month =  | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1186/1532-429X-12-12 | PMID = 20222980 }}</ref>
 
====Clinical====
Presentation:<ref name=pmid20391897>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Peres | first1 = A. | last2 = Martins | first2 = JD. | last3 = Paramés | first3 = F. | last4 = Gil | first4 = R. | last5 = Matias | first5 = C. | last6 = Franco | first6 = J. | last7 = Freitas | first7 = I. | last8 = Trigo | first8 = C. | last9 = Fragata | first9 = J. | title = Isolated aortic coarctation: experience in 100 consecutive patients. | journal = Rev Port Cardiol | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 23-35 | month = Jan | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20391897 }}</ref>
*Heart failure.
*[[Hypertension]] - esp. upper extremity vs. lower extremity.
 
===Gross===
*Narrowing (stenosis) of the aorta proximal or distal to the ductus arteriosis.
 
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Coarctation_and_PDA.png | Pre- and postductal coarctation of the aorta - schematic (WC)
</gallery>
==Intracranial berry aneurysm==
{{Main|Berry aneurysm}}


==See also==
==See also==
Michael
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