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#Lymphovascular invasion. | #Lymphovascular invasion. | ||
#High-grade tumour budding. | #High-grade tumour budding. | ||
#*Tumour bud = 1-4 cell(s); "high-grade budding" is >=10 tumour buds in a | #*Tumour bud = 1-4 cell(s); "high-grade budding" is >=10 tumour buds in a 25x field<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ueno | first1 = H. | last2 = Murphy | first2 = J. | last3 = Jass | first3 = JR. | last4 = Mochizuki | first4 = H. | last5 = Talbot | first5 = IC. | title = Tumour 'budding' as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 127-32 | month = Feb | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 11952856 }}</ref> - definition suffers from [[LPFitis]]. | ||
#Extensive submucosal invasion. | #Extensive submucosal invasion. | ||
#*>= 4 mm width ''or'' >= 2 mm. | #*>= 4 mm width ''or'' >= 2 mm depth. | ||
If none of the above factors is present the risk of [[lymph node]] metastasis is < 1%. The presence of one risk factor increases the risk to ~20%. | If none of the above factors is present the risk of [[lymph node]] metastasis is < 1%. The presence of one risk factor increases the risk to ~20%. |
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