Complex endometrial hyperplasia

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Complex endometrial hyperplasia, abbreviated CEH, is a relatively common pre-malignant pathology of the endometrium.

Complex endometrial hyperplasia
Diagnosis in short

Complex endometrial hyperplasia. H&E stain.
LM increase in size & number of glands + irregular shape, nuclear pseudostratification, nuclear enlargement, mitoses common, +/-nuclear atypia (round nuclei ~ 2-3x the size of a lymphocyte, grey/translucent chromatin, nucleoli)
Subtypes CEH NOS (CEH without atypia), CEH with atypia
LM DDx endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, artifactual gland crowding
Gross thickened endometrium
Grossing notes hysterectomy for endometrial hyperplasia grossing
Site endometrium - see endometrial hyperplasia
Associated Dx obesity, endometrium with squamous morules
Clinical history usu. premenopausal or perimenopausal
Symptoms abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)
Prevalence common
Clin. DDx dysfunctional uterine bleeding (diagnosis of exclusion), endometrial carcinoma, atrophy, endometrial polyp, others
Complex endometrial hyperplasia
External resources
EHVSC 10169 10181 (CEH with atypia)

It is generally subdivided into complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia and complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia.

CEH with atypia is also known as complex atypical hyperplasia.

General

  • Usually premenopausal or perimenopausal women.
  • Associated with obesity.
  • High risk of transformation to endometrial carcinoma especially when with atypia.

Gross

  • Endometrial thickening.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Increase in size & number of glands + irregular shape - key feature.
  • Cell stratification.
  • Nuclear enlargement.
  • Mitoses common.
  • +/-Nuclear atypia:
    • Round nuclei ~ 2-3x the size of a lymphocyte.
    • Grey/translucent chromatin.
    • Nucleoli.

Notes:

  • Normal "gland-to-stroma ratio" is 1:3.
  • Two "touching" glands may be one gland in section.
  • Atypical nuclei often hide between non-typical nuclei, like peg cells in the fallopian tube.
  • Squamous morules commonly seen.

DDx:

Endometrial carcinoma versus complex endometrial hyperplasia

Complex endometrial hyperplasia:

  • Non-confluent - glands distinct from one another.

Classic criteria for endometrial carcinoma

This is pimping material that shows up on exams.

Endometrial carcinoma has one of the following:[2][3][4]

  1. Desmoplastic stromal response.
  2. Confluent cribriform growth. †
  3. Extensive papillary growth. †
  4. Severe cytologic atypia. †

Note:

  • † There is a size cut-off for criteria 2, 3 and 4: > 2.1 mm.[3]

How to remember ABCDE:

  • Atypia Bad.
  • Confluent cribriform growth.
  • Desmoplasia.
  • Extensive papillary growth.

Images

Complex endometrial hyperplasia:

  • CEH - low mag.

  • CEH - intermed. mag.

  • CEH - high mag.

Squamous morules - commonly associated with hyperplasia and malignancy:

  • SM - high mag.

  • SM - very high mag.

  • SM - extremely high mag.

Fused glands suggestive of CEH in a polyp:

  • Endometrial polyp with fused glands - low mag. (WC)

  • Endometrial polyp with fused glands - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Endometrial polyp with fused glands - high mag. (WC)

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CEH without atypia

ENDOMETRIUM, BIOPSY: 
- COMPLEX ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA.
-- NEGATIVE FOR CYTOLOGIC ATYPIA. 

ENDOMETRIUM, BIOPSY:
- SMALL FOCUS OF COMPLEX ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA WITHOUT ATYPIA, WITH
  SQUAMOUS MORULES.
- ENDOMETRIAL POLYP WITH ONE ATYPICAL GLAND AND A SQUAMOUS MORULE.
- SCANT ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIUM WITHOUT APPARENT PATHOLOGY.

Hysterectomy

UTERUS AND CERVIX, TOTAL HYSTERECTOMY:
- FOCAL COMPLEX ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA WITHOUT ATYPIA.
- LEIOMYOMAS.
- FIBROUS ADHESIONS.
- UTERINE CERVIX WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
Micro

The sections show endometrium with pseudostratified glands and glandular dilation. On one section the gland-to-stroma ratio is increased and the glands are very focally back-to-back. Significant gland cribriforming is not identified. No nuclear atypia is apparent. Stromal desmoplasia is not identified.

CEH with atypia

Insufficient confluence for carcinoma

ENDOMETRIUM, BIOPSY: 
- COMPLEX ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA WITH ATYPIA, SEE COMMENT. 

COMMENT: 
The sections show architecturally complex crowded glands with focal 
morular squamous metaplasia and focal cribriforming.  Desmoplasia 
is not identified. The degree of gland confluence is not considered 
sufficient for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. Nuclear atypia 
is present focally.

Insufficient extent for carcinoma

ENDOMETRIUM, BIOPSY: 
- COMPLEX ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA WITH ATYPIA, SEE COMMENT. 

COMMENT: 
The sections show architecturally complex back-to-back glands with focal 
morular squamous metaplasia and cribriforming. Desmoplasia is not present. 
The extent, i.e. the size of the abnormality, is not considered sufficient 
for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.

Micro

CEH with atypia

The sections show endometrium with atypical hyperchromatic, densely packed branching glands. The nuclei of the atypical glands focally are round, 2-3x the size of a lymphocyte, and have grey/translucent chromatin and small nucleoli. No papillary or cribriform changes are appreciated. No desmoplastic stroma is identified.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ip, PP.; Irving, JA.; McCluggage, WG.; Clement, PB.; Young, RH. (Feb 2013). "Papillary proliferation of the endometrium: a clinicopathologic study of 59 cases of simple and complex papillae without cytologic atypia.". Am J Surg Pathol 37 (2): 167-77. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318272d428. PMID 23211295.
  2. ↑ Nucci, Marisa R.; Oliva, Esther (2009). Gynecologic Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 239. ISBN 978-0443069208.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kurman, RJ.; Norris, HJ. (Jun 1982). "Evaluation of criteria for distinguishing atypical endometrial hyperplasia from well-differentiated carcinoma.". Cancer 49 (12): 2547-59. PMID 7074572.
  4. ↑ URL: http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2011/Endometrium_11protocol.pdf. Accessed on: 12 January 2012.
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