High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

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High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
Diagnosis in short
LM papillae with "architectural complexity" (fused papillae, branching of papillae), +/-nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear enlargement - often 4-5x the size of stromal lymphocytes, mitoses (common), +/-invasion into the lamina propria (common)
LM DDx low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma in situ, squamous cell carcinoma
IHC Ki-67 high (>35% of cells)
Gross exophytic mass, frond-like appearance, friable
Site urothelium - usu. urinary bladder
Syndromes Lynch syndrome
Signs hematuria
Prevalence common
Prognosis dependent on stage, usu. moderate
Clin. DDx low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, abbreviated HGPUC, is a common form of cancer that arises from the urothelium.

It is also known as high-grade papillary urothelial cell carcinoma, abbreviated HGPUCC.

General

Gross

  • Exophytic mass.
  • Frond-like appearance.
  • Friable.

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • "High grade nuclear features":
    • Nuclear pleomorphism - often 4-5x the size of stromal lymphocytes.[3]
  • Papillae with "architectural complexity":
    • Fused papillae - common.
    • Branching of papillae common.
  • Mitoses - common.
  • +/-Invasion into the lamina propria - relatively common.

Note:

  • The presence/absence of muscle should be commented on in biopsy specimens.
  • Adipose tissue may be seen in the lamina propria; tumour adjacent to adipose tissue on a biopsy does not imply invasion deep to the muscularis propria.[4]

DDx:

IHC

  • Ki-67:
    • Rajcani et al.:[5] <25% of tumour cells for low-grade versus >50% tumour cell for high-grade.
    • Pich et al.:[6] 11%/17% for G1/G2 versus 34% for G3.
  • p53 +ve - more common in pT2 than pT1 and HGPUC than LGPUC... but not useful to definitively separate.[7]

Molecular

Molecular changes:[8]

  • p53.
  • p21.
  • RB.
  • E-cadherin - decreased bad.
  • RhoGD12 - increased bad.
  • VEGF - increased bad.

Sign out

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION:
- HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA.
- NO LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION APPARENT.
- NEGATIVE FOR LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION.
- NO MUSCULARIS PROPRIA IDENTIFIED.

Invasion into the lamina propria

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION URINARY BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT): 
- INVASIVE HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION.
- MUSCULARIS PROPRIA NEGATIVE FOR INVASIVE MALIGNANCY.
- NEGATIVE FOR LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION.

Invasion into the muscularis propria

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION URINARY BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT): 
- INVASIVE HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA AT LEAST INTO MUSCULARIS PROPRIA. 
- LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION PRESENT.

Low-grade versus high-grade

URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION URINARY BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT):
- HIGH-GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA, SEE COMMENT.
- NEGATIVE FOR LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION.
- NO MUSCULARIS PROPRIA PRESENT.

COMMENT:
The sections show papillary branching, papillary fusion and scattered large cells (~4-5 a
resting lymphocyte). Atypical for a high-grade lesion is that mitotic activity is scarce
and prominent nucleoli are not present.

Micro

The sections show a small fragment of urothelial mucosa with two papillary structures, enlarged nuclei (~3-4x resting lymphocyte) and moderate nuclear size variation. Mitotic activity is seen focally. Umbrella cells are seen only focally.

A mild lymphocyte-predominant inflammatory infiltrate is present. The lamina propria contains a nest with smaller cells, cystic spaces and no appreciable mitoses (cystitis cystica).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hartmann, A.; Dietmaier, W.; Hofstädter, F.; Burgart, LJ.; Cheville, JC.; Blaszyk, H. (Mar 2003). "Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: inverted growth pattern is predictive of microsatellite instability.". Hum Pathol 34 (3): 222-7. doi:10.1053/hupa.2003.22. PMID 12673555.
  2. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 310. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. ↑ Zhou, Ming; Magi-Galluzzi, Cristina (2006). Genitourinary Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 161. ISBN 978-0443066771.
  4. ↑ Bochner, BH.; Nichols, PW.; Skinner, DG. (Mar 1995). "Overstaging of transitional cell carcinoma: clinical significance of lamina propria fat within the urinary bladder.". Urology 45 (3): 528-31. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80030-2. PMID 7879346.
  5. ↑ Rajcani, J.; Kajo, K.; Adamkov, M.; Moravekova, E.; Lauko, L.; Felcanova, D.; Bencat, M. (2013). "Immunohistochemical characterization of urothelial carcinoma.". Bratisl Lek Listy 114 (8): 431-8. PMID 23944616.
  6. ↑ Pich, A.; Chiusa, L.; Comino, A.; Navone, R. (1994). "Cell proliferation indices, morphometry and DNA flow cytometry provide objective criteria for distinguishing low and high grade bladder carcinomas.". Virchows Arch 424 (2): 143-8. PMID 7910097.
  7. ↑ Koyuncuer, A.. "Immunohistochemical expression of p63, p53 in urinary bladder carcinoma.". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 56 (1): 10-5. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.116141. PMID 23924551.
  8. ↑ Ehdaie, B.; Theodorescu, D. (Jan 2008). "Molecular markers in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: New insights into mechanisms and prognosis.". Indian J Urol 24 (1): 61-7. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.38606. PMC 2684226. PMID 19468362. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684226/.
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