Difference between revisions of "Hypertension"
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*In the autopsy context, significant [[valvular heart disease]] should be absent. | *In the autopsy context, significant [[valvular heart disease]] should be absent. | ||
*A heart > ~400 g is considered good enough for the cause of death ''hypertensive heart disease'', if no other significant findings are present.<ref>MSP. 29 September 2010.</ref> | |||
Gross DDx: | |||
*Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | |||
===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
Revision as of 12:23, 30 September 2010
Hypertension is very common and affects multiple organs. Clinically, it is usually classified as primary (idiopathic) and secondary.
Hypertensive crisis, if untreated, is associated with damage to the brain, heart, eye and kidneys.[1]
Pulmonary hypertension is dealt with separately in the article pulmonary hypertension.
Brain
Charcôt-Bouchard aneurysms
General
- AKA miliary aneurysms and microaneurysm.[2]
- Associated with Intracerebral hemorrhages.
- Classically found in the basal ganglia or the pons.[3]
Microscopic
Features:[4]
- Small aneurysms (~300 micrometers) with a fusiform shape.
- Vessel wall changes:
- Early:
- Proliferation of arteriolar smooth muscle
- Late:
- Apoptotic smooth muscle cell death and collagen deposition.
- Early:
Image: C-B aneurysm (ucsf.edu).
Hypertension and the eye[5]
- Hypertensive retinopathy.
- Aneurysms.
- Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
- Vitreous hemorrhage.
Hypertensive heart disease
General
- Treated with antihypertensives.
- Mechanism of death: (ventricular) arrhythmia.[6]
Associated pathology[6]
- Left atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation.
Gross
Features:[7]
- Left ventricular hypertrophy (concentric).
Notes:
- In the autopsy context, significant valvular heart disease should be absent.
- A heart > ~400 g is considered good enough for the cause of death hypertensive heart disease, if no other significant findings are present.[8]
Gross DDx:
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Microscopic
Features:[7]
- Arteriolosclerosis of intramural coronary arteries and arterioles.
- Fibrosis of media.
- Peirarteriolar fibrosis.
Kidney
General
- May result in renal failure.
Microscopic
Features:[9]
- Fibrinoid necrosis of afferent and interlobular arteries (due to endothelial cell damage).
Notes:
- Diabetes mellitus has changes in the afferent and efferent arteriole (see medical kidney diseases).
See also
References
- ↑ Janota T (2009). "[Hypertensive crisis--the present view]" (in Czech). Cas. Lek. Cesk. 148 (8): 370–3. PMID 19899722.
- ↑ Kojima H, Eguchi H, Mizutani T, Tanaka K, Kikuchi Y, Fukudome N (2007). "Three-dimensional analysis of pathological characteristics of a microaneurysm". Clin. Neuropathol. 26 (2): 74–9. PMID 17416106.
- ↑ URL: http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/introductionneuropathology/Response%20_to_Injury/Microvascular.html. Accessed on: 24 September 2010.
- ↑ Auer RN, Sutherland GR (December 2005). "Primary intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology". Can J Neurol Sci 32 Suppl 2: S3–12. PMID 16450803.
- ↑ URL: http://health.indiamart.com/eye-care/hypertension-and-eye.html. Accessed on: 23 September 2010.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Prisant LM (April 2005). "Hypertensive heart disease". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 7 (4): 231–8. PMID 15860963.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schwartzkopff B, Strauer BE (2000). "Coronary reserve and arteriolosclerosis in hypertensive heart disease". Z Kardiol 89 Suppl 9: IX/132–5. PMID 11151783.
- ↑ MSP. 29 September 2010.
- ↑ Ono H, Ono Y (November 1997). "Nephrosclerosis and hypertension". Med. Clin. North Am. 81 (6): 1273–88. PMID 9356598.