Difference between revisions of "Neurohistology"

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| round small nucleus

| peri-nuclear clearing

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| [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/IMAGES/OLIGODENDROCYTE%20400X%20B.jpg (vetmed.vt.edu)]

|-

|Microglia

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==Histology by anatomical structure==

===Subependyma===

Features:<ref>~~Half-day~~. 28 June 2010.</ref>

Features:<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>

*Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium).

*Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels.

Line 78:

===Pons===

Features:

*Looks like bacon.<ref>~~Half-day~~. 28 June 2010.</ref>

*Looks like bacon.<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>

*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].

Line 86:

**The caudate forms lateral wall of lateral ventricle.

Notes:

*Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called ''neostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>

===Putamen===

Features:

*Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining.

*Striatopallidal fibers [[AKA]] ''pencils of Wilson'' - bundles of blue fibres (on H&E LFB).

*Striatopallidal fibers [[AKA]] ''pencils of Wilson'' (also ''pencil fibers of Wilson''<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>) - bundles of blue fibres (on H&E LFB).

**Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].

**Internal capsule associated white matter.

***Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].

===Globus pallidus===

*[[AKA]] ''paleostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23>{{Ref PSNP|23}}</ref>

Features:

*Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen.

===Hippocampus===

====Structures====

Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>

#Dentate gyrus.

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#*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/225-001.jpg Dentate gyrus (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].

#Hippocampus proper ([[AKA]] ''Ammon's horn'') - this is subdivided:

#*CA3 - superior.

#*Cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) - location: superior.

#*CA1 - inferior (next to subiculum).

#**Large pyramidal neurons.

#*CA2 - in between CA3 and CA1, lateral.

#*CA1 (AKA Sommer's sector) - location: inferior (next to subiculum).

#*CA4 - medial (closest to dentate gyrus; CA4 sits in "open" part of "U").

#**Small dispersed pyramidal neurons.

#~~Subicular~~ complex.

#*CA2 - location: in between CA3 and CA1, lateral.

#**Narrow band of neurons between CA3 and CA1.

#*CA4 - location: medial (closest to dentate gyrus; CA4 sits in "open" part of "U").

#Subiculum ([[AKA]] subicular complex).

#*Transitions to the six layers in the ''entorhinal cortex''.

Images:

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*[http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi/br-800epi1.gif Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu)].

Important ~~note~~:

Important notes:

*CA1 - weak link, dies in ischemia, affected by hypoglycemia.

*CA1 - weak link, dies in ischemia, affected by hypoglycemia, degenerative diseases and toxins.

*CA2 - resistant to ischemia.

~~DDx~~ of ~~ischemia~~-~~like changes in~~ the ~~hippocampus:~~

====Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>====

*~~Toxins~~.

#Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation).

#Neurons (described above).

#Alveus - opposed to the lateral ventricle.

#*Connects to the ''mammillary bodies'' via the ''fornix'' (circuit of Papez).

===Cerebellum===

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*Dentate nucleus (deep) - looks like the bite impression of a molar.

**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].

Dentate nucleus:<ref name=Ref_PSNP27>{{Ref PSNP|27}}</ref>

*Ribbon of grey matter consisting of:

**Large neurons.

**Small neurons.

Cerebellar cortex:

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*#*Inhibitory interneurons: stellate cells, basket cells.

*#Purkinje cell layer.

*#*One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers<ref name=Ref_PSNP16>{{Ref PSNP|16}}}}</ref>).

*#*One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers<ref name=Ref_PSNP16>{{Ref PSNP|16}}</ref>).

*#**Very large nucleus (~4x RBC diameter =~ 4x the size of granule cell).

*#***Large nucleolus (~1x RBC diameter =~ size of granule cell).

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*[http://williamcalvin.com/bk7/img/bk7p31.jpg Cerebral cortex (williamcalvin.com)].

*[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)].

===Pineal gland===

Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref><ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>

*Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power).

*Pinealocyte:

**Light staining and round nuclei with neuroendocrine look (i.e. salt-and-pepper chromatin).

**Broad rim of light cytoplasm.

*Astrocytes:

**Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte.

Images:

*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/Images/pin42he.jpg Pineal gland (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].<ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>

*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pineal.jpg Pineal gland - crappy (WC)].

Notes:

*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma.

IHC:

*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref>

==See also==

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==External links==

*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].

*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Neural tissues - veterinary histology (vetmed.vt.edu)].

*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm Basic neurohistology - quiz (ouhsc.edu)].

[[Category:Neuropathology]]

Difference between revisions of "Neurohistology"

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@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 | round small nucleus
 | peri-nuclear clearing
-|
+| [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/IMAGES/OLIGODENDROCYTE%20400X%20B.jpg (vetmed.vt.edu)]
 |-
 |Microglia
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 ==Histology by anatomical structure==
 ===Subependyma===
-Features:<ref>Half-day. 28 June 2010.</ref>
+Features:<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
 *Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium).
 *Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels.
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 ===Pons===
 Features:
-*Looks like bacon.<ref>Half-day. 28 June 2010.</ref>
+*Looks like bacon.<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
 *Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 **The caudate forms lateral wall of lateral ventricle.
+Notes:
+*Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called ''neostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>
 ===Putamen===
 Features:
 *Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining.
-*Striatopallidal fibers [[AKA]] ''pencils of Wilson'' - bundles of blue fibres (on H&E LFB).
+*Striatopallidal fibers [[AKA]] ''pencils of Wilson'' (also ''pencil fibers of Wilson''<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>) - bundles of blue fibres (on H&E LFB).
-**Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].
+**Internal capsule associated white matter.
+***Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].
 ===Globus pallidus===
+*[[AKA]] ''paleostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23>{{Ref PSNP|23}}</ref>
 Features:
 *Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen.
 ===Hippocampus===
+====Structures====
 Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
 #Dentate gyrus.
@@ Line 103: / Line 109: @@
 #*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/225-001.jpg Dentate gyrus (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
 #Hippocampus proper ([[AKA]] ''Ammon's horn'') - this is subdivided:
-#*CA3 - superior.
+#*Cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) - location: superior.
-#*CA1 - inferior (next to subiculum).
+#**Large pyramidal neurons.
-#*CA2 - in between CA3 and CA1, lateral.
+#*CA1 (AKA Sommer's sector) - location: inferior (next to subiculum).
-#*CA4 - medial (closest to dentate gyrus; CA4 sits in "open" part of "U").
+#**Small dispersed pyramidal neurons.
-#Subicular complex.
+#*CA2 - location: in between CA3 and CA1, lateral.
+#**Narrow band of neurons between CA3 and CA1.
+#*CA4 - location: medial (closest to dentate gyrus; CA4 sits in "open" part of "U").
+#Subiculum ([[AKA]] subicular complex).
+#*Transitions to the six layers in the ''entorhinal cortex''.
 Images:
@@ Line 116: / Line 126: @@
 *[http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi/br-800epi1.gif Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu)].
-Important note:
+Important notes:
-*CA1 - weak link, dies in ischemia, affected by hypoglycemia.
+*CA1 - weak link, dies in ischemia, affected by hypoglycemia, degenerative diseases and toxins.
 *CA2 - resistant to ischemia.
-DDx of ischemia-like changes in the hippocampus:
+====Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>====
-*Toxins.
+#Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation).
+#Neurons (described above).
+#Alveus - opposed to the lateral ventricle.
+#*Connects to the ''mammillary bodies'' via the ''fornix'' (circuit of Papez).
 ===Cerebellum===
@@ Line 128: / Line 141: @@
 *Dentate nucleus (deep) - looks like the bite impression of a molar.
 **Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
+Dentate nucleus:<ref name=Ref_PSNP27>{{Ref PSNP|27}}</ref>
+*Ribbon of grey matter consisting of:
+**Large neurons.
+**Small neurons.
 Cerebellar cortex:
@@ Line 134: / Line 152: @@
 *#*Inhibitory interneurons: stellate cells, basket cells.
 *#Purkinje cell layer.
-*#*One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers<ref name=Ref_PSNP16>{{Ref PSNP|16}}}}</ref>).
+*#*One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers<ref name=Ref_PSNP16>{{Ref PSNP|16}}</ref>).
 *#**Very large nucleus (~4x RBC diameter =~ 4x the size of granule cell).
 *#***Large nucleolus (~1x RBC diameter =~ size of granule cell).
@@ Line 166: / Line 184: @@
 *[http://williamcalvin.com/bk7/img/bk7p31.jpg Cerebral cortex (williamcalvin.com)].
 *[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)].
+===Pineal gland===
+Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref><ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
+*Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power).
+*Pinealocyte:
+**Light staining and round nuclei with neuroendocrine look (i.e. salt-and-pepper chromatin).
+**Broad rim of light cytoplasm.
+*Astrocytes:
+**Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte.
+Images:
+*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/Images/pin42he.jpg Pineal gland (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].<ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
+*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pineal.jpg Pineal gland - crappy (WC)].
+Notes:
+*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma.
+IHC:
+*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 177: / Line 214: @@
 ==External links==
 *[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
+*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Neural tissues - veterinary histology (vetmed.vt.edu)].
+*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm Basic neurohistology - quiz (ouhsc.edu)].
 [[Category:Neuropathology]]