Difference between revisions of "Neurohistology"
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Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | ||
=Histology by anatomical structure= | |||
==Subependyma== | |||
Features:<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref> | Features:<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref> | ||
*Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium). | *Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium). | ||
*Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels. | *Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels. | ||
==Pons== | |||
Features: | Features: | ||
*Looks like bacon.<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref> | *Looks like bacon.<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref> | ||
*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | *Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | ||
==Caudate== | |||
Features: | Features: | ||
*Neurons with adjacent ependymal lining.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref> | *Neurons with adjacent ependymal lining.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref> | ||
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Notes: | Notes: | ||
*Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called ''neostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref> | *Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called ''neostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref> | ||
==Putamen== | |||
Features: | Features: | ||
*Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining. | *Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining. | ||
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***Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)]. | ***Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)]. | ||
==Globus pallidus== | |||
*[[AKA]] ''paleostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23>{{Ref PSNP|23}}</ref> | *[[AKA]] ''paleostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23>{{Ref PSNP|23}}</ref> | ||
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*Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen. | *Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen. | ||
==Hippocampus== | |||
===Structures=== | |||
Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref> | Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref> | ||
#Dentate gyrus. | #Dentate gyrus. | ||
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*CA2 - resistant to ischemia. | *CA2 - resistant to ischemia. | ||
===Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>=== | |||
#Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation). | #Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation). | ||
#Neurons (described above). | #Neurons (described above). | ||
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#*Connects to the ''mammillary bodies'' via the ''fornix'' (circuit of Papez). | #*Connects to the ''mammillary bodies'' via the ''fornix'' (circuit of Papez). | ||
==Cerebellum== | |||
Main components: | Main components: | ||
*Cortex (superficial) - branches (Christmas tree-like). | *Cortex (superficial) - branches (Christmas tree-like). | ||
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**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | **Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | ||
Dentate nucleus:<ref name=Ref_PSNP27>{{Ref PSNP|27}}</ref> | ===Dentate nucleus=== | ||
*Ribbon of grey matter | Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP27>{{Ref PSNP|27}}</ref> | ||
*Ribbon of grey matter. | |||
**Large neurons. | **Large neurons. | ||
**Small neurons. | **Small neurons. | ||
Cerebellar cortex | ===Cerebellar cortex=== | ||
*Layers (superficial to deep) - mnemonic ''MPG'':<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref> | *Layers (superficial to deep) - mnemonic ''MPG'':<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref> | ||
*#Molecular layer -- "very pink" on H&E. | *#Molecular layer -- "very pink" on H&E. | ||
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*''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer. They are normally not seen. They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "Bergmann gliosis".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref> | *''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer. They are normally not seen. They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "Bergmann gliosis".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref> | ||
==Cerebral cortex== | |||
Layers (superficial to deep): | Layers (superficial to deep): | ||
#Molecular layer. | #Molecular layer. | ||
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#*Where the thalamic axons end. | #*Where the thalamic axons end. | ||
#*Divided in three (''a'', ''b'', ''c'') in the calcarine cortex due to two white matter bands (external band of Baillarger, internal band of Baillarger) than are grossly identified as the ''line of Gennari''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP24>{{Ref PSNP|24}}</ref> | #*Divided in three (''a'', ''b'', ''c'') in the calcarine cortex due to two white matter bands (external band of Baillarger, internal band of Baillarger) than are grossly identified as the ''line of Gennari''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP24>{{Ref PSNP|24}}</ref> | ||
#**Image: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/APAQ-Images/N1-MS-01-01.gif Calcarine cortex (ouhsc.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-01-Ans.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-01-Ans.htm] and [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref> | |||
#Inner pyramidal layer. | #Inner pyramidal layer. | ||
#*Location of ''Betz neurons'' - large motor neurons of cerebral cortex. | #*Location of ''Betz neurons'' - large motor neurons of cerebral cortex. | ||
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*[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)]. | *[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)]. | ||
==Pineal gland== | |||
Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref><ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref> | Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref><ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref> | ||
*Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power). | *Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power). | ||
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Notes: | Notes: | ||
*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma. | *Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma. | ||
*Often calcified. | |||
IHC | ===IHC=== | ||
*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref> | *Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref> | ||
=See also= | |||
*[[Neuropathology]]. | *[[Neuropathology]]. | ||
*[[Muscle biopsy]]. | *[[Muscle biopsy]]. | ||
*[[CNS tumours]]. | *[[CNS tumours]]. | ||
=References= | |||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
=External links= | |||
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | *[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)]. | ||
*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Neural tissues - veterinary histology (vetmed.vt.edu)]. | *[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Neural tissues - veterinary histology (vetmed.vt.edu)]. | ||
Revision as of 01:46, 1 November 2010
This article covers basic (normal) neurohistology. It is essential to have a good grasp on neurohistology... before doing neuropathology.
Normal cells
- Neuron:
- Abundant cytoplasm - key feature.
- Often very large cells, with angled edges.
- Prominent nucleolus.
- Nissl substance (granular perinuclear material - rough ER).
- Glial cells.
- Oligodendrocyte.
- Small round nuclei (lymphocyte-like nucleus) - key feature.
- May resemble a fried egg on H&E (clear cytoplasm, central nucleus).
- Astrocyte.
- Irregular non-ovoid nucleus - key feature.
- Nuclei less dense than in oligodendrocyte.
- Close to blood vessels.
- Form blood-brain barrier.
- Cytoplasm normally not visible.
- Image: astrocyte (med.unsw.edu.au) (in endocrine development).
- Microglia - macrophage of the brain (derived from monocyte).
- May be large.
- May have vesicles.
- Rarely seen in normal tissue.
- Oligodendrocyte.
- Ependyma.
- Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
- Image: Ependyma (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org).
Normal cellular constituents in a table
| Key feature | Other features | Image | |
| Neuron | cytoplasm | Nissl substance (prominent RER), "sharp" corners in cell membrane, nucleolus - usu. prominent[1] |
red neurons (WC) |
| Astrocyte | non-ovoid nucleus | no cytoplasm | (unsw.edu) |
| Oligodendrocyte | round small nucleus | peri-nuclear clearing | (vetmed.vt.edu) |
| Microglia | rod-like shape, may have "bent" nucleus |
rarely seen in normal tissue | (ucsf.edu),(vcu.edu) |
Neurons
There are many types of 'em. Broadly, they can be classified as:
- Pyramidal - have a pyramidal shape.
- Dentrites go to molecular layer.
- Axons go to outside of cortex.
- Non-pyramidal.
Motor neurons:
- Coarse Nissl substance - key feature.
- Nissl described as having a tigroid appearance.[2]
- Polygonal shape.
- Send dendrites in all directions.
Image: Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org).
Histology by anatomical structure
Subependyma
Features:[3]
- Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium).
- Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels.
Pons
Features:
- Looks like bacon.[4]
- Image: Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org).
Caudate
Features:
- Neurons with adjacent ependymal lining.[5]
- The caudate forms lateral wall of lateral ventricle.
Notes:
- Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called neostriatum.[6]
Putamen
Features:
- Histologically identical to the caudate - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining.
- Striatopallidal fibers AKA pencils of Wilson (also pencil fibers of Wilson[6]) - bundles of blue fibres (on H&E LFB).
- Internal capsule associated white matter.
Globus pallidus
Features:
- Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen.
Hippocampus
Structures
Hippocampal formation:[8]
- Dentate gyrus.
- "Dense" thin layer of nuclei.
- Quasi "U-shaped"; "open" (top) portion of "U" is superolateral.
- Image: Dentate gyrus (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org).
- Hippocampus proper (AKA Ammon's horn) - this is subdivided:
- Cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) - location: superior.
- Large pyramidal neurons.
- CA1 (AKA Sommer's sector) - location: inferior (next to subiculum).
- Small dispersed pyramidal neurons.
- CA2 - location: in between CA3 and CA1, lateral.
- Narrow band of neurons between CA3 and CA1.
- CA4 - location: medial (closest to dentate gyrus; CA4 sits in "open" part of "U").
- Cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) - location: superior.
- Subiculum (AKA subicular complex).
- Transitions to the six layers in the entorhinal cortex.
Images:
- Hippocampus - frontal section (WP).
- Hippocampus - good schematic (WC).
- Hippocampus (ajnr.org).
- Hippocampus and subiculum (hu-berlin.de).
- Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu).
Important notes:
- CA1 - weak link, dies in ischemia, affected by hypoglycemia, degenerative diseases and toxins.
- CA2 - resistant to ischemia.
Layers of CA[9]
- Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation).
- Neurons (described above).
- Alveus - opposed to the lateral ventricle.
- Connects to the mammillary bodies via the fornix (circuit of Papez).
Cerebellum
Main components:
- Cortex (superficial) - branches (Christmas tree-like).
- Dentate nucleus (deep) - looks like the bite impression of a molar.
Dentate nucleus
Features:[10]
- Ribbon of grey matter.
- Large neurons.
- Small neurons.
Cerebellar cortex
- Layers (superficial to deep) - mnemonic MPG:[11]
- Molecular layer -- "very pink" on H&E.
- Inhibitory interneurons: stellate cells, basket cells.
- Purkinje cell layer.
- One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers[1]).
- Very large nucleus (~4x RBC diameter =~ 4x the size of granule cell).
- Large nucleolus (~1x RBC diameter =~ size of granule cell).
- Very large nucleus (~4x RBC diameter =~ 4x the size of granule cell).
- One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers[1]).
- Granule cell layer -- "very blue" on H&E.
- Granule cells (many), interneurons (Golgi cells --few in number). (???)
- Molecular layer -- "very pink" on H&E.
- Images:
Notes:
- Bergmann glia are found between the molecular layer & granular layer. They are normally not seen. They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "Bergmann gliosis".[12]
Cerebral cortex
Layers (superficial to deep):
- Molecular layer.
- Empty appearing.
- Outer granular layer.
- Higher cell density & smaller cells than pyramidal layer.
- Outer pyramidal layer.
- Inner granular layer.
- Not prominent in frontal cortex.
- Where the thalamic axons end.
- Divided in three (a, b, c) in the calcarine cortex due to two white matter bands (external band of Baillarger, internal band of Baillarger) than are grossly identified as the line of Gennari.[13]
- Image: Calcarine cortex (ouhsc.edu).[14]
- Inner pyramidal layer.
- Location of Betz neurons - large motor neurons of cerebral cortex.
- Multiforme layer (Polymorphic layer).
Images:
- Cajal drawings - different areas (WC).
- Different stains (rice.edu).
- Cerebral cortex (williamcalvin.com).
- Cerebral cortex (benbest.com).
Pineal gland
- Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power).
- Pinealocyte:
- Light staining and round nuclei with neuroendocrine look (i.e. salt-and-pepper chromatin).
- Broad rim of light cytoplasm.
- Astrocytes:
- Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte.
Images:
Notes:
- Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma.
- Often calcified.
IHC
- Synaptophysin +ve.[15]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 16. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ URL: http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1. Accessed on: 5 July 2010.
- ↑ Croul SE. 28 June 2010.
- ↑ Croul SE. 28 June 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 23-34. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 23. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ URL: http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.
- ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 25. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 27. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ URL: http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.
- ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 18. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 24. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ URL: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-01-Ans.htm and http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 25-26. ISBN 978-0443069826.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.