Difference between revisions of "Colon"

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=Other=
=Other=
==Pseudomelanosis coli==
==Pseudomelanosis coli==
*AKA ''melanosis coli''.<ref>URL: [http://www.medicinenet.com/melanosis_coli/article.htm http://www.medicinenet.com/melanosis_coli/article.htm]. Accessed on: 4 March 2011.</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''melanosis coli''.
===General===
{{Main|Pseudomelanosis coli}}
*''Not melanin'' as the name ''melanosis coli'' suggests; it is actually lipofuscin (in macrophages).<ref name=pmid18666316>{{cite journal |author=Freeman HJ |title="Melanosis" in the small and large intestine |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=14 |issue=27 |pages=4296-9 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18666316 |doi= |url=http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/4296.asp}}</ref>
*Endoscopist may see brown pigmentation of mucosa and suspect the diagnosis.
*Presence may lead to endoscopic misinterpretation of colitis severity.<ref name=pmid21375218>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Zapatier | first1 = JA. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = A. | last3 = Parra | first3 = JL. | title = Overestimation of ulcerative colitis due to melanosis coli. | journal = Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 351-3 | month = Dec | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 21375218 }}</ref>
 
====Epidemiology====
*Classically associated with anthracene containing laxative (e.g. Senokot) use and herbal remedies.<ref name=pmid18666316/>
**May be seen in individuals not using laxatives.<ref name=pmid9600362/>
*Seen in (long-standing) [[inflammatory bowel disease]], especially [[ulcerative colitis]].<ref name=pmid9600362>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pardi | first1 = DS. | last2 = Tremaine | first2 = WJ. | last3 = Rothenberg | first3 = HJ. | last4 = Batts | first4 = KP. | title = Melanosis coli in inflammatory bowel disease. | journal = J Clin Gastroenterol | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 167-70 | month = Apr | year = 1998 | doi =  | PMID = 9600362 }}</ref>
 
===Gross===
*Brown pigmentation of the mucosa, esp. cecum and proximal colon.
 
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Melanosis_coli.jpg | Melanosis coli - endoscopic image (WC)
</gallery>
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Brown granular pigment - in the lamina propria.
**Typically more prominent in the cecum and proximal colon.<ref name=pmid18666316/>
 
Notes:
*DDx of brown pigment:
**Lipofuscin - comes with age (can be demonstrated with a ''[[PAS stain]]''<ref name=pmid5463681 >{{cite journal |author=Kovi J, Leifer C |title=Lipofuscin pigment accumulation in spontaneous mammary carcinoma of A/Jax mouse |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=287–90 |year=1970 |month=July |pmid=5463681 |pmc=2611776 |doi= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611776/pdf/jnma00512-0077.pdf}}</ref> or ''[[Kluver-Barrera stain]]''<ref>URL: [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>).
***Melanosis coli.
**Old haemorrhage, i.e. hemosiderin-laden macrophages (may be demonstrated with ''[[Prussian blue stain]]''<ref>URL: [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>).
**Melanin (from melanocytes) - rare in colon (may be demonstrated with a ''[[Fontana-Masson stain]]''<ref>URL: [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref> -- though not so useful in the GI tract).
**Foreign material (e.g. tattoo pigment) - not seen in GI tract.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Melanosis_coli_high_mag.jpg | Melanosis coli - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Melanosis_coli_low_mag.jpg | Melanosis coli - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
===Stains===
*Can be demonstrated with a [[PAS stain]].<ref name=pmid9283862>{{cite journal |author=Benavides SH, Morgante PE, Monserrat AJ, Zárate J, Porta EA |title=The pigment of melanosis coli: a lectin histochemical study |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=131–8 |year=1997 |month=August |pmid=9283862 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
- PSEUDOMELANOSIS COLI.
- NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE COLITIS.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
</pre>


==Angiodysplasia==
==Angiodysplasia==
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